الفهرس 
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Abstract
Foot and mouth disease one of the most dangerous viral disease affect cloven hoofed animals as it causes high economic losses in meat and milk productions.
Small ruminants (sheep and goats) play an important role in spread of the disease that affects animal wealth. In this studies there are trial for improvement of the immunity of vaccinated animals by using new adjuvants and compare it with the using adjuvant in the local vaccine.
Montanide ISA 206 and Nigella sativa oil used as new adjuvant in addition aluminium hydroxide gel that locally used according to lab experiments in new batches of the prepared bivalent FMD vaccines with the new adjuvants were free from aerobic and anaerobic bacterial contaminations, fungal and mycoplasma can be used safely where no signs of disease when tested on baby mice & sheep. The three prepared batches of vaccine were experimentally evaluated on groups of baladi sheep in which free from foot and mouth disease antibodies.
Three groups of animal (each of 8 sheep) were vaccinated by the three batches of prepared inactivated bivalent FMD vaccines were each animal inoculated by 1 cm S/C (each groups inoculated by one type of prepared vaccine) with keeping fourth group (4 animals) not vaccinated as control, serum collected from all the animal of the three vaccinated groups weekly till 6th week then every two week till 32nd week after vaccination. Serum neutralizing test and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay test were done and then collected serum the results of these two tests showed good response from the first week after vaccination. The prepared batches of vaccine where used aluminium hydroxide gel as adjuvant in the first group, high level of antibody titres in 6th week where the mean titre 2.14 log10 in SNT and 2.68 log10 in ELISA. The level of antibody started to decrease till the 18th week where it became 1.37 log10 in SNT of 1.65log10 in ELISA, while the high level of antibody titres reached at 12th week in 2nd group of animals vaccinated by bivalent FMD vaccine adjuvant by Montanide ISA 206 where mean titre reached to 2.73 log10 in SNT & 2.84 log10 in ELISA test and Also high level of antibody titres arrived in 12th week.
In third group of animal that vaccinated by bivalent FMD adjuvanted by Nigella sativa where the mean titre arrived to 2.64 log 10 in SNT. While reached to 2.74 log 10 in ELISA test. After 21 days, challenge test was done post vaccination. Four animals from each vaccinated groups inoculated by FMD virus type O/3/93 Aga (104 MLD)50 intralingually (previously proved that free from FMD antibodies) as control without vaccination and inoculate them by the same FMD virus.
All the animal under observation for 7 days the signs of FMD disease (salivation vesicles formation) and fever clearly appeared in control animal that not vaccinated while the vaccinated animals of the three groups no signs of disease appeared and the body temperature kept normally.
The same experiment done on groups of seven calves where five calves vaccinated by same batch of FMD vaccine adjuvanted by ISA 206 2ml S/C / animal and the rest two calves left without vaccination as control then after 21 days, all the animals (vaccinated and non-vaccinated, inoculated by 0.3 ml intra-lingual / animal in 4 sites by FMD virus O1 104 MLD50. Animals observed for seven days, where the vaccinated animals no signs of FMD appeared. Also the body temperatures were normal while the control unvaccinated showed there was marked increase in body temperature and the signs of FMD appeared clearly were ulcers and vesicle in tongue and mouth and limbs.
from the previous results was found that inactivated bivalent FMD adjuvanted by Montanide ISA was the best adjuvant followed by Nigella sativa oil the aluminium hydroxide gel.
There for inactivated bivalent FMD adjuvanted by montanide ISA used in field trials in sheep and calves and the results showed that it was closely near to the laboratory trials and this proved that Montanide ISA is the best adjuvant for FMD vaccine used for animal vaccination.