الفهرس 
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Abstract
This work presents a comparative study between the antimicrobial properties of chemically synthesized bioactive benzoxazinone compounds and the ethanolic extracts of carnation stems (Dianthus caryophyllus); as ornamental plants, of widely grown American cultivar, namely, cv. Madam collect, naturally infected by the fungal pathogen Fusarium oxysporum (FO) which contains the phytoalexin dianthalexine besides other phytoalexins that were previously reported to contribute to the resistance of carnation against this pathogenic fungus. The thesis consists of three parts (chemically synthesized benzoxazinones; biosynthesis of benzoxazinone (phytoalexins, dianthalexine); antimicrobial activities of ethanolic extracts of carnation stems and chemically synthesized benzoxazinones. Each part is divided into three chapters (introduction, results and discussion, and experimental part). The first part It deals with the synthesis of 2-phenyl-4H-3,1-benzoxazin-4-one compound, in addition to study its behavior towards some interesting nitrogen nucleophiles. Moreover, synthesis of benzoxazinone derivatives was carried out. Furthermore, elucidation of the structure of all synthesizable compounds by IR and Mass spectral data was discussed. This part consists of three chapters: Chapter one, introduction, provides an overview of the importance of 4H-3,1-benzoxazin-4-one class and describes recent works in the field of synthesis of derivatives of 4H-3,1-benzoxazin-4-ones. Furthermore, the reaction of 4H-3,1-benzoxazin-4-ones is described. Chapter two, results and discussion, it focuses on the obtained results and discusses these results. The obtained results can be summarized as:
- A series of benzoxazinone and quinazolinone derivatives III-XXV are obtained. - Elucidation of the structure of all synthesizable compounds by IR and Mass spectral data is discussed. These data are evaluated to confirm the chemical structure of all synthesized compounds. Prediction of some reaction mechanisms is discussed. Chapter three, experimental section, it demonstrates the procedure of the preparation of all chemically synthesized compounds. The second part This part deals with the extraction of phytoalexin dianthalexine from the artificially infected stems of two widely grown cultivars, namely, Egyptian carnation cv. Balady and American carnation cv. Madam collect with FOD, cut out after two and eight weeks. Moreover, the extraction of phytoalexin dianthalexine from the naturally FO infected stems of American carnation cv. Madam Collect (from the infected stems and the recovered ones) was done. Also, separation and detection of dianthalexine by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) was carried out. This part is divided into three chapters: Chapter one, introduction, which summaries the importance of carnation based on the outline of this work. Moreover, other research studies related to the present work were discussed. In addition to, a brief notes that focused on the resistance of plants against pathogens was presented. Chapter two, results and discussion, it gives the details of the obtained results and discusses the significance of these results. The obtained results can be summarized as:
- In artificially infected carnation stems, the highest concentration of phytoalexin dianthalexine was found in the Egyptian carnation cv. Balady cut out after eight weeks, although, those samples showed yellowing and wilting symptoms. In naturally infected stems of American carnation, infected stem samples accumulated dianthalexine in higher concentration than the recovery stem samples of the same plant. -Identification of phytoalexin dianthalexine peak using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Based on these obtained results, the predication of possible mechanisms of the resistance of carnation against FOD was highlighted and discussed. Chapter three, experimental section, it demonstrates the method of extracting of phytoalexins from infected carnation stems. In addition, the technique of identifying the phytoalexin dianthalexine by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was described. The third part This part deals with the main scope of this study. This scope focuses on finding sources of bioactive compounds such as the natural plant – derived products (ethanolic carnation extracts that contained phytoalexin dianthalexine). Moreover, the in-vitro biological activities of synthesized compounds were studied. Based on the economically importance of carnation, the fighting of carnation pathogen i.e. FOD was discussed. The third part is divided into two main sections (sections 1 & 2):
- Part (1) deals with the comparison between the antimicrobial activities of the ethanolic extracts of the naturally infected American carnation cv. Madam collect and 2-phenyl-4H-3,1-benzoxazin-4-one III, and 2-phenyl-3-aminoquinazolinone XII compounds towards the human and plant pathogenic bacteria and fungi. This part is divided into three chapters (introduction, results and discussion, experimental section):