الفهرس 
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Abstract
Modern DNA typing technology has opened new possibilities to perform human identity testing. Individual identification is imperative in a number of situations including the determination of perpetrators of violent crimes such as murder and sexual assault, and identification of remains of missing persons or victims of mass disasters. Forensic DNA typing has an important impact on the society by providing reliable evidence both for convicting the offenders and for exonerating the innocent suspects. Another field of application of DNA typing is paternity testing and testing for relatedness on the maternal or the paternal lineage using autosomal, mitochondrial or Y-chromosomal DNA markers. In many ways, DNA typing methods have increased the ability to solve problems of family relationships and forensic cases that might have otherwise been left unsolved.