الفهرس 
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Abstract
Avian influenza (AI) was among the most emerging zoonoses that threatened
humans and poultry worldwide. The aim of current study was to find out
protective measures for humans against AI. A total of 480 poultry backyards
and 102 human contacts were examined in different seasons for the presence of
AI H5N1 in Gharbia governorate using Real time PCR. The overall positivity
in backyard poultry Gharbia governorate was 8.7% and the higher risk was in
winter. The overall positivity in human contacts was 3.9%. The higher risk of
zoonotic transmission of AI H5N1 infection was increased in winter season.
Hygienic ventilation, hygienic space and/or raising of poultry in separate
species were considered as important factors for the control of AI H5N1
infection in backyard poultry. Absence of access between the backyard poultry
and living area of humans, absence of droppings in humans` living area and
prevention of direct contact between humans and poultry without applying of
protective measures were considered as protective methods for humans against
AI and control the disease.