الفهرس 
Review of LiteratureOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
 |  | from | 336 |  |  |
| | | from | 336 | | |
Abstract
Cancer is clearly a worldwide problem. It is estimated that by 2020 there will be 16 million new cancer cases every year. The incidence and mortality rates for various cancers are similar, though not identical, among developed countries. Cancer is a leading cause of death. Cancer is considered one of the major causes of mortality in the world. Despite the recent advances in science, cancer has not been cured yet. The target of much research has been on the discovery of natural and synthetic compounds that can be used in the prevention and/or treatment of cancer. Natural products of either plant or animal origin that exhibited antitumor activity have been discovered. Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of cancer death in female worldwide. The significance of nutrition in protecting living organisms from the toxic effects of environmental carcinogens has gained increasing attention due to less toxicity and high efficacy against various diseases. The intake of soy and soy-based products is associated with a lower risk of several types of cancers, including breast cancer. There are many functional ingredients contained in soy foods such as soy protein, isoflavones, saponins, phytic acid, phytosterol, and phenolic acid.The chemopreventive effects of soybean and soy containing food products may be related to genistiein, daidzein and glycitein. Human have always been exposed to various natural sources of ionizing radiation emitted by the isotopes present in the earth’s crust, air, water and biosphere, and also originating from the outer space. In some parts of the globe the level of this natural background radiation is significantly higher than the world average with no adverse health effects. Today, people can be additionally exposed to “man-made” radiation delivered at high doses (e.g., during radiotherapy and radiation accidents as well as after detonations of nuclear weapons) or low doses (e.g., during production and distribution of radioactive materials and use of radiation sources for industrial and medical purposes). The low-level environmental and occupational exposures are much more common and distributed over much larger populations than the high-level exposures. The main task of this study is to evaluate the antitumor activity and protective role of fermented soy milk (FSM) with low dose of gamma radiation against tumor induced by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU). In the present study was carried out on 120 virgin female rats were pretreated with FSM consecutively by oral gavage for 15 days at daily dose levels of 10 and 20 ml of FSM/kg body weight. MNU was administrated as 50mg MNU/kg body weight first dose was 15 day after FSM administration followed with second dose 20 days later. At the beginning of the experiment, rats were divided into 15 groups as follow. Group (1) control, group (2)MNU, group(3)R-0, group(4)R-1, group(5)R-2, group(6) F-1,group (7) F-2, group(8) MNUF- 1, group (9) MNUF-2, group (10)FMF-1, group (11) FMF-2, group(12)MFR-1, group(13) MFR-2,Group(14)FRMF-1, Group(15) FRMF-2. Blood and Tissue sampling: After three months from the beginning of the experiment, animal were sacrificed and the biochemical parameters, apoptosis, cell cycle study and histological examination were investigated. Catalase (CAT) Activity in plasma (U/L): Catalase activity in the plasma of rats bearing breast cancer after 11th weeks were significantly increased in R-1, F-1, MNU, FMF-1, MFR- 2 and FRMF-2 as compared to control group. As illustrated catalase activity in the plasma after 13th weeks were significantly decreased in R- 0, R-2,F-1,MNUF-1, MNUF-2, FMF-2, MFR-1, MFR-2 and FRMF-1 groups as compared to control. Catalase activity in the plasma after 11th weeks was significantly decreased in all experimental groups as compared to MNU group. There was a significant increase in the plasma catalase activity after 13th weeks on RMNUF-1 group as compared to that of MNU group. There was a significant decreased in the plasma catalase activity after 13th weeks on R-0, R-1, R-2, F-1,F-2, MNUF-2, FMF-2, MFR-1, MFR-2 and FRMF-1 groups as compared to MNU group. Reduced Glutathione (GSH) content in erythrocyte lysate (mg/dl): GSH levels in the erythrocyte lysate after 13th weeks were significantly increased in all groups as compared to control. And there was a highly significant decreased in the erythrocyte lysate GSH after 11th weeks on all experimental groups as compared to that of MNU group. There was a highly significant increase in the erythrocyte lysate GSH after 13th weeks on R-2, MNUF-1, FMF-2, MFR-1, MFR-2, FRMF- 1 and FRMF-2 groups as compared to that of MNU group and significant decreased in the erythrocyte lysate GSH after 13th weeks on R-0, F-1 and MNUF-2groups as compared to that of MNU group. · SOD activity in erythrocyte lysate (U /ml): SOD activity in the serum after 11th weeks was significantly increased in R-1, MNUF-1, FMF-1, FMF-2, MFR-1, MFR-2, FRMF-1 and FRMF-2 groups and significantly decreased in F-2 group as compared to control group. The effect of fermented soy milk and g- rradiation on SOD activity after 13th weeks was significantly increased in groups R-1, R-2, MNUF-1, FMF-1,MFR-1,FRMF-1 and FRMF-2 and there was significantly decreased in MNU group comparing with control group. There was a significant increase in the blood SOD activity after 11th weeks on R-1, MNUF-1, FMF-2, MFR-1, MFR-2, FRMF-1 and FRMF-1 groups, and there was a significant decreased in on F-2 group as compared to that of MNU group. There was a significant increase in the erythrocyte lysate SOD after 13th weeks on R-1,R-2,F-1,MNUF-1, FMF-1, FMF-2, MFR-1, MFR-2, FRMF-1 and FRMF-1 groups as compared to that of MNU group.· Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx) activity in erythrocyte lysate(mU/mL): GPx activity in erythrocyte lysate after 11th weeks was significantly decreased in F-2, FMF-1 and FRMF-2 groups and there was significantly increased in R-0, R-2, F-1, MNUF-1, MNUF-2, FMF-2 and FRMF-1 groups as compared to control. GPx activity in erythrocyte lysate after 13th weeks was significantly increased in MNU and MFR-2, and there was significantly decreased in R0, R-1, R-2, F-1, F-2, MNF-1, MNUF-2, FMF-1, FMF-2, MFR-1, FRMF-1 and FRMF-2 groups as compared to control. There was a highly significant increase in the erythrocyte lysate GPx activity after 11th weeks on R-0, R-2, F-1, MNUF-1, MNUF-2, FMF-2and FRMF-1 groups and there was a significant decreased and in the erythrocyte lysate GPx activity after 11th weeks on F-2, FMF-1 and FRMF-2groups as compared to MNU group and highly significant decreased in the erythrocyte lysate GPx on all experimental groups as compared to MNU group. Malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration in serum (nmol/L): MDA level in the serum after 11th week was significantly increased in R-0, MNU, FMF1, and MFR-2 groups as compared to control. On the other hand, MDA level in the serum after 11th weeks was significantly decreased in R-2, F-2, MNUF-1, MNUF-2, FRMF-1 and FRMF-2 as compared to control. While after 13th weeks MDA level in the serum was significantly decreased in R-0, R-1, R-2, F-1, F-2, MNU, MNUF-2, FMF1, FMF2, MFR1, FRMF1and FRMF2 groups as compared to control. There was a highly significant increase in the serum MDA level after 11th weeks on R-0 group as compared to that of MNU group, and there was a highly significant decreased in the serum MDA after 11th weeks on R-1, R-2, F-1, F-2, MNUF-1, MNUF-2, FMF-1, FMF-2, MFR- 1, MFR-2, FRMF-1 and FRMF-2groups as compared to MNU group. While there was a significant increase in the serum MDA level after 13th weeks on R-2, F-1, MNUF-1 and MFR-2 groups as compared to MNU group, and there was a significant decreased in the serum MDA level of rats bearing breast cancer after 13th weeks on R-1,F-2, MNUF-2, FMF-1, FRMF-1 and FRMF-2groups as compared to that of MNU group. Effect of different treatment on TNF-α level in serum after 13th week(pg/mL): There was highly significant increase in TNF- α level in R0, R-1, R-2,F-1 , F-2, MNU, MNUF-2, FMF-1, FMF-1,FRMF-1 and FMF-2 groups as compared to control group. On the other hand, there was highly significant decrease in TNF-α level in MFR-1 and FMF-2 group and there was a significant increase in the TNF- α level after 13th weeks on F-1,F- 2and FMF-2 group as compared to MNU group. While there was a significant decreased in the TNF- α level on R-0, R-2, MFR-1, MNUF-1, MNUF-2, MFR-1, MFR-2, FRMF-1 and FRMF-2groups as compared to MNU group.· Cell cycle after 13th week: Cell cycle analysis of mammary gland via flow cytometrycly shows that, FSM treatment caused significant alterations in cell cycle analysis as it caused cell cycle arrest at Go/1 appeared in increased cell population at Go/1 with significant decrease in cell population at S and G2/M phases compared to control. Rats of MNU group treated with FSM and gamma irradiation showed, amelioration in cell percentage of Go/1,S and G2/M phases compared to control and tumor groups. caspase-3 and apoptosis after 13th week: Apoptosis and caspase-3 analysis by flow cytometry results. Shows the inducing effect of FSM and gamma radiation on apoptosis along via caspase-3 mechanism. Combined treatment with FSM and gamma radiation markedly enhanced apoptotic cell number and caspase-3 mechanism.· Effect of different treatment on Apoptosis in tissue after 13th week: There were highly significant increase in apoptosis % in R0, R-1, R-2, F-1, F-2, MNU, MFR-1, MFR-2, FRMF-1 and FRMF-2 groups, and there were highly significant decrease in apoptosis% in MNUF-1, MNUF-2, FMF-1 and FMF-2 groups as compared to control group.While there was a significant increase in the apoptosis% after 13th weeks on MFR-1 group and there was a significant decreased in the apoptosis% after 13th weeks on R-1,R-2, F-1, F-2, MNUF-1, MNUF-2, FMF-1,FMF-2, MFR-2, FRMF-1 and FRMF-2 groups as compared to that of MNU group. Effect of different treatment on Caspase-3 in tissue after 13th week: There was highly significant increase in caspase-3 in R0, F-2, MNU, MNUF-1, FMF-1, FMF-2, MFR-1, MFR-2, FRMF-1 and FRMF-2 groups as compared to that of control group. On the other hand, there was highly significant decrease in caspase-3 in R-1 group as compared to that of control group and there was a significant increased on MNUF-1, FMF- 1 and FMF-2 group as compared to MNU group. While there was a significant decreased in the caspase-3on R-1, R-2, F-1, MNUF-2 and FRMF-2 groups as compared to MNU group.· kidney functions: Creatinine concentration in plasma (mg/dl): Creatinine level was significantly increased in groups R-1 and F- 1 as compared with control group. Creatinine levels after 11th weeks were significantly increased in R-1 and F-1 groups as compared to MNU group. Urea concentration in plasma (mg/dl): The urea level was significantly increased in R-0, F-1, F-2groups and, highly significant increase was found in urea level, after 11th weeks, inR-1, R-2, MNUF-1 and FMF-1 groups when compared to control group. The urea levels after 13th weeks, was significantly increased in R-0, R-2 and MNUF-1groups as and highly significant decrease was found in FMF-1 and MRF-1 groups when compared to control group. The urea levels after 11th weeks were significantly increased in R0, F-1 and F-2 groups as compared to MNU group. Also, there was highly increased in R-1, R-2, MNUF-1 and FMF-1 groups as compared to MNU group. The urea level after 13th weeks was significantly increased in R-2 as compared to MNU group. Also, there were highly significantly increased in R-0, MFR-1 and MNUF-1 as compared to MNU group. On, the other hand, the urea levels after 13th weeks were significantly decreased in FMF-1 as compared to MNU group.· Lipid profile: Triacylglycerol concentration in serum (mg/dl) : Triacylglycerol levels in the serum after 11th weeks were significantly decreased in R-1, R-2,F-1,MNUF-1, MFR-1, MFR-2and FRMF-1 groups and there were significantly increased inF-2, MNU, MNUF-2, FMF-1, FMF-2 and FRMF-2groups as compared to control group. And triacylglycerol levels in the serum after 11th weeks were significantly decreased in R-0, R-1, R-2,F-1,MNUF-1, MFR-1, MFR-2 and FRMF-1 when compared to MNU. On the other hand, triacylglycerol levels in the serum after 11th weeks were significantly increased inMNUF-2, FMF-1, FMF-2 and FRMF-2groups as compared to MNU group. Triacylglycerol levels in the serum after 13th weeks were significantly decreased in R-2, MNUF-1, MFR1, MFR2 and FRMF-1 when compared to control, and there were significantly increased in MNU, MNUF-2, FMF-1, FMF-2 and FRMF-2 as compared to control group.There was a significant decreased in the serum triacylglycerol after 13th weeks on R-0,R-1,R-2,F-2, MNUF-2,MFR-1,MFR-2and FRMF-1 group and there was significant increase on FMF-1, FMF-2 and FRMF-2 as compared to MNU group. Cholesterol concentration in serum (mg/dl) : Cholesterol level after 11th week were significantly decreased in R- 2, F2, MNUF1, MNFU-2, FMF-1, FMF-2, MFR-1, MFR-2, FRMF-1 and FRMF-2, and there was a significant decrease after 13th weeks on R-2,F- 2, MNUF-1, MNUF-2,FMF-1,FMF-2, MFR-1,MFR-2,FRMF-1and FRMF-2 groups as compared to that of control group. In addition there was a significant decrease in the serum cholesterol after 11th weeks on R-2, F2, MNUF1, MNFU-2, FMF-1, FMF-2, MFR-1, MFR-2, FRMF-1 and FRMF-2 groups, and there was a significant decrease after 13th weeks on R-2,F-2, MNUF-1, MNUF-2,FMF-1,FMF-2, MFR-1,MFR-2,FRMF-1and FRMF-2 groups as compared to MNU group. High density lipoprotein concentration in serum (mg/dl) : A high density lipoprotein level in the serum after 11th weeks was significantly decreased in MNU, MNUF-1, MNUF-2, FMF-1, FMF- 2, MFR-1, MFR-2 and FRMF-2. On the other hand there was significantly increased in R-0, R-1, R-2 and F-1 groups as compared to control group. While there was highly significant increase in the serum HDL after 11th weeks on R-0,R-1,R-2,F-1, F-2and FRMF-1 group and there as a highly significant decreased in the serum HDL after 11th weeks on MNUF-2, FMF-1, FMF-2, MFR-1,MFR-2 and FRMF-2groups as compared to MNU group. On the other hand, there was a significant increase in the serum HDL after 13th weeks on R-0, R-1, R-2, F-1, F-2and FRMF-1 groups while, there was a highly significant decreased in the serum HDL on MNUF-1, MNUF-2,FMF-2,MFR-1, and FRMF-2 group as compared to that of MNU group. Low density lipoprotein concentration in serum (mg/dl) : The LDL levels in the serum after 11th weeks was significantly increased in FMF-2, MFR-1 and MFR-2 groups also there was significant decrease in R-0,R-1,R-2,F-1,F-2,FMF-1,FRMF-1 and FRMF-2 and there was significant decrease in R-0, R-1,R-2 F-1, F-2, MNUF1, MNUF-2, FMF1, FMF-2, MFR-2, FRMF1 and FRMF-2 groups as compared to control group. On the other hand LDL level after 13th weeks was significantly elevated in the MFR-1 group as compared to that of control. While, the LDL levels in the serum of rats bearing breast cancer after 11th weeks was significantly increased in MFR-1 group, and there was significant decrease in R-0, R-1, R-2,F-1,F-2, MNUF-1,MNUF- 2,FMF-1,MFR-2, FRMF-1 and FRMF-2 as compared to MNU group. Our result recorded was significant decrease in the LDL levels in the serum after 13th weeks in R-0, R-1,R-2 F-1, F-2, MNUF1, MNUF-2, FMF1, FMF-2, MFR-2, FRMF1 and FRMF-2 groups and there was significantly increased in the MFR-1 group as compared to that of MNU.· liver functions: γGT activity in serum (U/L): There was a significant decrease in the serum activity of γGT after 11th weeks, in R-0 group and there was highly significant increase in R-1 group as compared to control group. On the other hand, there was significant decreased in R-2 group as compared to control on γGT activity. However, significant increase in γGT activity after 11th weeks was found in F-1, F-2, MNU and MNUF-1 and there was highly significant decrease in MNUF-2 group as compared to control. While there was significant decrease in the serum of γGT activity after 13th weeks in R-0 group and there was significantly elevation in R-1 and R-2 groups as compared to control group. However, significant increase in γGT activity was recorded in F- 2, MNU, MNUF-1, MNUF-2, FMF-1and FMF-2 and significant decrease was found in γGT activity in MFR-2 groups, and there was significant increase in FRMF-1 group after 13th weeks as compared to control. While there was highly significant increase in the serum γGT activity after 11th weeks on R-1, R-2 and FRMF-1 groups, in addition there was highly significant decrease on R-0, F-1, MNUF-1, MNUF-2, FMF-1, FMF-2, MFR-1 and FRMF-2 as compared to MNU group. While there was a highly significant increase in the serum γGT activity after 13th weeks on R-0, R-1, F-2, MNUF-2, FMF-1 and FMF-2 groups. On the other hand there was highly significant decrease on F-1, MFR-1, MFR-2 and FRMF-2 as compared to MNU group. ALT activity in serum (U/L): There was a highly significant increase in the serum activity ALT after 11th weeks of all groups and there was a highly significant increase in all groups as compared to that of control. There was a highly significant increase in serum activity ALT after 11th weeks on F-1and MNUF-2 groups, and there was a highly significant decrease in the serum activity ALT on R-0, R-2, F-2, FMF-2, FRMF-1 and FRMF-2 groups as compared to MNU group. Also, there was a highly significant decreased in serum activity ALT after 13th weeks on R-0, R-2 and MNUF-1 and there was a highly significant increased on F-2, MNUF-2, FMF-1, MFR-2 and FRMF-2 groups as compared to MNU. AST activity in serum (U/L): After 11th weeks, there was significantly and high significantly increased in R-1, MNUF-2, MFR-1, MFR-2,FRMF-1 and FRMF- 2,MNUF-1 group respectively as compared to control group. After 13th weeks, there was significant increase in the serum activity of AST in R-0, R-1, F-2, MNF-1 group and highly significant decrease in MNUF-1and MNUF-2 as compared to that of control. Also there was a highly significant increase in the serum AST after 11th weeks on R-0, R-1,F-1, F-2, MNUF-1, FMF-1, FMF-2, MFR-1, MFR-2, FRMF-1 and FRMF-2 groups. In addition, there was a highly significant increase in the serum activity AST after 13th weeks on R-0, R- 1,F-1, F-2, and FMF-1 groups, also there was highly significant decrease in serum activity AST after 13th weeks on F-1 and MNUF-1, as compared to MNU group· Histopathological examination: Histopathological study by light microscope of female rat mammary glands showed several marked changes with different treatments .Mammary gland in the control group was distinguished with lactiferous duct and acini embedded in adipose tissue. Oral administration of FSM revealed normal histological structure, also, mammary gland of irradiated rats with or without FSM administration showed healthy histological structure with no structure alterations. Rats treated with MNU showed anaplastic hyperchromatic lining epithelium with lose of basement membrane (carcinoma). MNU group received FSM showed hyperplasia in lactiferous duct with polyformation and cystic dilation, while treatment with FSM for 15 days before MNU injection markedly ameliorated MNU effect. Female rats treated first with FSM and exposed to gamma radiation then injected with MNU showed normal histological structure.