الفهرس 
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Abstract
Peace agreements may be signed, and hostilities may cease, but landmines are an enduring legacy of conflict. Landmines are victim-activated and indiscriminate; whoever triggers the mine, whether a child or a soldier, becomes its victim. Mines emplaced during a conflict against enemy forces can still kill or injure civilians decades later until deactivated.Landmines pose a serious and ongoing threat to civilians as these weapons can be embedded in a scattered manner in a field cluttered with various materials and objects, and buried underground at various depths.
In Egypt, the scope of the landmine problem is vast due to the expenses of the land that are infested, as well as the suspected high number of landmines that exist, with the environmental conditions, proximity to development areas, and the need to clear often to great depths adding to the complexity of the problem. Furthermore, the clearance activities are severely hampered by having only limited maps about the landmine situation from the time that the laying operations took place. Even with the existent maps and due to the environmental conditions, the information about the landmines locations is not useful anymore .This adds to the complexity of building a comprehensive picture of the landmine situation.
With this issue placed within the context of a rapidly expanding population, extremely limited availability of usable land, and the need to enhance development and infrastructure to support the growth of the country, the landmines problem is considered to have a dramatic impact upon the socio-economic and development potential of Egypt.
Landmine detection involves dealing with wide variety of mine materials and shapes, different terrain and non-uniformity of clutter. Removing an identified anomaly with all the care and attention given to a landmine, to discover in vain that the effort was directed towards clearing a harmless object, is a time consuming and costly process. Thus, it is expected that the characteristic signature for the presence of the landmine should come from multiple sensors sensing different physical properties of the landmine. A multiple sensor landmine detection system should be able to detect mines, and differentiate them from the surrounding clutter.
In this thesis we propose an investigational study to fuse nuclear and geophysical methods for landmine detection. This thesis shows that geophysical tools will be suitable for detecting either the casing or the detonator of the landmine. And to distinguish the landmine from the background clutter, nuclear techniques were used to detect the explosive materials within the landmine.
Several geophysical techniques were used in this study, including microgravity, electromagnetic, and magnetic tools. The neutron backscattering technique wasused as the nuclear technique for explosive detection. After experimental setup in a real minefield situation, the thesis concludes that fusing total gradient technique along with neutron backscattering will be a suitable integration for landmine detection. For this purpose, a fusion algorithm was proposed and implemented along the thesis. Furthermore, as there is a need to determine the depth of the landmine in addition to its location, neural networks were used to estimate the landmine depth based on its magnetic signature. In the thesis, Hopfield neural network were designed to process the magnetic gradient measurements produced by a landmine. In addition, the algorithm was embedded in a microcontroller chip to be performed at a reasonable operational speed, and not too prohibitive a cost.