الفهرس 
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Abstract
In the present study 100 randomly samples of feed and feed stuffs collected from different poultry farms at Menofia Governorate were examined mycologically. The collected samples were yellow corn (20), white corn (20), soya bean (20), poultry ration (20) and rabbit ration(20).
The fungi recovered from samples were seven genera including Aspergillus species(94%), Penicillium (62%), Fusarium (44%), Mucour (24%), Aurobasidium(8%) ,Rhizopus(5%), Geotrichum sp. (11% ) and also Yeast were isolated(16%).
Concerning the isolation of different Aspergillus species from the examined samples, Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus niger were found to be the predominate (40.98% and 34.97%) followed by Aspergillus fumigatus (11.47%), A. ochraceus (6.55%), A. candidus (4.37%) and finally A. sydowi (1.63%).
The isolation of different Penicillium species were (63.33%)P.expensum and (36.66%) P.cyclopium. For Fusarium species the isolation were (51.85%) F.moniliform, (29.62%) Eequista, (11.11%)F.acuminal and (7.4%)F. chlamydosp.
Yeast were identified to Rhodotrella sp. (12% ) and Sacchromyces sp.( 4% ).
Production and detection of aflatoxins and ochratoxin A were performed chemically by using thin layer chromatography. 30 strains A. flavus (40 %) were found to produce aflatoxins with the average concentration of 22.5 mg/L, 14mg/L, 19.2 mg/L, 16 mg/L and 8.9 mg/L for yellow corn, whit corn, soya bean, poultry ration and rabbit ration respectively.
And also 66.66% of the isolated A. ochraceus strains were found to produce ochratoxin A with average concentration of 30 mg/L, 15 mg/L, 36.5 mg/L, 24 mg/L and 14.2 mg/L for yellow corn, white corn, soya bean, poultry ration and rabbit ration respectively.
The effect of Nigella sativa and Garlic on the fungal growth showed lowering in fungal growth when the concentration of Nigella sativa and Garlic were increased. And also no fungal growth at the concentration of 3% Nigella sativa and at the concentration of 3% Garlic. To study the effect of mycotoxins alone and with addition of Nigella sativa and Garlic on broiler chicken:
A total of 135 one day old Hubbard chicks were kept for 21 days and through this weeks the chicks fed on free ration then the chickens divided into 9 equal groups (every group contain 15 chickens) were used in the following order: -
Group No.I: every chick received 20 lig aflatoxin B1 (AFB 1)/ day.
Group No.2: every chick received 20 pig AFB1 / day + ration containing 1% crushed Nigella sativa.
Group No.3: every chick received 20 [ig AFB1 / day + ration containing 2% Garlic powder.
Group No.4: every chick received 50 1.1g ochratoxin A (OA) / day
Group No.5: every chick received 50 μg / (OA) day + ration containing 1% crushed Nigella sativa.
Group No.6: every chick received 50 μg / (OA) day + ration containing 2% Garlic powder.
Group No.7: chicks were fed on a ration containing 1% crushed Nigella sativa.
Group No.8: chicks were fed on a ration containing 2% Garlic powder.
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Group No.9: chicks were fed on a ration free from mycotoxins or any treatment.
The results obtained in the this study showed that: -
•The average body weight of broiler chickens of the mycotoxicated groups was lower than the control group. The % of loss in body weight was 34.36% in aflatoxicated group and 26.12 in ochratoxicated group.The body weight was improved in groups received Nigella sativa or Garlic with the mycotoxins.But the groups fed on ration contain Nigella sativa or Garlic showed increasing in the body weight ( 16.55 and 14.31 respectively).
•The mycotoxins decreased the level of total serum protien, albumin and globulins. Nigella sativa increased the level of total serum protien, albumin and globulins, but Garlic increased the level of globulins while the level of total serum protein and albumin slightly not changed.
•ELISA titers against Mycoplasma galisepticurn were decreased in toxicated groups but improved in groups fed on ration containing Nigella sativa or Gasrlic plus the mycotoxins.
•Differential leukocytic count was affected greatly by mycotoxins, in which lymphocytopenia ,monocytopenia, basophilia and eosinophilia were observed while increase in heterophils was observed in mycotoxicated groups .
•The residues of mycotoxins in muscles and organs of broiler chickens were lowered after 3 days from stopping the mycotoxins and disappeared completely nearly the 8 tai day.
•The Mycotoxins produced functional and structure depression on immune system of the birds.
•The results of clinical and postmortem findings of mycotoxicosis in broiler chickens revealed that:
(1) Aflatoxicated broiler chickens:
Clinical findings included in appetence, depression, poor growth rate and emaciation. Also, diarrhea and ruffling of feather were recorded. Whereas, the postmortem findings indicated a generalized oedema of the viscera, the carcass appear dark in colour due to congestion. The internal organs showed degenerative changes.
(2) Ochratoxicated broiler chickens:
Clinical findings were emaciation, dehydration, listlessness, diarrhea, lower feed consumption and reduced body weight. Postmortem findings showed enlargement of liver, kidneys and spleen and the presence of hemorrhagic spots on internal organs.
In conclusion :-
The present work showed that:
•Cooperation is an argent need between health authorities , poultry industry owners and veterinarians in order to solve the problem of contamination of feed ingredients from infection with toxigenic fungi.
•The present study throw more light on the importance of mycotoxins as a hazard threatening human health.
•According to the results of the present study the permissible limits of mycotoxins should be revised.
•Aflatoxins may not only impaired with the host resistance to different pathogens but also lead to vaccination failure. This is considered as a serious problem facing poultry industry in Egypt. This vaccination failure has been found to occur. Chickens consuming aflatoxins and immunized had reduced antibody titers and depressed the complement activity.
•Nigella sativa and Garlic have anti-fungal activity.
•The trial to elevate the immune response of birds is effective especially in Nigella sativa than Garlic.
•Nigella sativa and Garlic have a good effect for facing the adverse effect of aflatoxin B1 and ochratoxin A.
•Nigella sativa and Garlic have a significant immunostimulant effect in chicken.