الفهرس 
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Abstract
This investigation was carried out on 1030 specimens of sloughtered and 127 living camels (Total 1157 camels) showing gross skin lesion at various localities of Egypt, Cairo, Zagazig, Belbis and Saudia Arabia (Hofof) during the period from 1986 to 1992. Specimens of 980 specimens were obtained from skin lesions of sloughtered animals while 50 specimens were takend from skin and drained lymph nodes. Biopsy of 127 camels were taken from admited cases to clinical teaching hospital of King Fasail University.
The camels ages were between 6 months and 25 years old from both sexes (males and females). Biopsy of skin of 20 sloughtered normal camels skin were used as control.
Specimens were collected, submitted for histopathological, bacteriological, virological, mycological and parasitological examinations. In the sametime, smears were prepared from cut surface of the lesions and were stained by Grams, Methylen blue or Ziel neelson’s for bacteriological examination. Specimens of the diseased skin and its lymph nodes were used for bacteriological, mycological and seruological examinations.
Specimens for histopathological examination were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin and Bouin’s, a paraffin sections of 4-511 thickness were stained by H. & E., Van Gieson’s and P.A.S. For virological examination, embryonated hens eggs, 10 days old for 3 passage, for identification of pox virus.
For parasitological examination scraping skin lesions were used for detection of maiige.Ticks were also collected for identification of its species.
Our investigation revealed that the most skin lesions in camels were mycotic affection and its percentage 33% ring worm. The gross lesion of ring worm was characterized by circumscribed hairless area with crust formation on different parts of the body (neck, shoulder, abdomen) and oozing blood at the margin of the lesion. Microscopically the skin revealed acanthosis, crust formation, focal necrosis of stratum clyndricum with leucocytic infiltration and fibroblastic cells proliferation. In some cases the hyphae and the spore of Fungi could be seen in addition to mycotic granuloma in the dermis with caseous necrosis and calcification. The ring worm affection was accompanied with mange infestation in some cases.
The parasitic infestation was 28% mange.The gross lesion was characterized by focal hairless areas with dryness and crust formation. The lesions were mostly localized at the hind limbs, axilla and above the tail. The microscopic examination showed skin necrosis, hyperkeratosis, parakeratosis and cracks formation. The crusts could be seen at the keratinized layer of the skin in the epidermis. Other type of parasitic infestation in the skin of camel was the tick. The percentage of tick affection was 18%. The location of tick infestation was present at the skin of head, sternum, perineium, udder, claws and foot pad.
The ticks were localied superfecially at the skin or under the hair coats with thickening of the skin. Microscopically, the tick lesion showed hyperkeratosis, parakeratosis, acanthosis, congested blood vessels, serous fluid, eosinophiles and neutrophils cells infiltration.
Different types of dermatitis were identified as follow 14% serous and serofibrinous dermatitis macroscopically characterized by oedematous swelling and redness of the skin with the presence of exudate. These lesions were situated all over the skin of the body. Microscopically characterized by presence of eosinophilic. thread of fibrin in the dermies, in addition to congested and dilated blood vessels and leucocytic infiltration.
The percentage of suppurative dermatitis was 5% macroscopically was characterized by focal abscess formation or suppurative canals. The colour of pus was differe according to the type of pyogenic microorganism. Microscopically, the suppurative dermatitis was characterized by areas of liquefactive necrosis surrounded by dilated blood capillaries and leucocytic infiltration.
Hemorrhagic dermatitis could be seen. 0.3% of gangrenous dermatitis was recorded grossly the skin was characterized by focal area of dark green colour offensive odour with gas bubles. Microscopically: The gangrenous dermatitis showed focal necrosed areas with complete loss of the skin structure, saprophytic microorganism and line of demarcation could be also noticed.
The percentage of ulcerative dermatitis was 0.3%. The gross picture revealed ulceratione of the skin surrounded by red zone. Microscopically, the ulcerative dermatitis showed focal destruction of the epidermis with its basement membrane underneath the dermis showed dilated blood capillaries and leucocytic infiltration.
The percentage of neoplasms in camels was 1% and diagnosed as fibro-papilloma, fibroma, malignant lymphoma and epidermoid cyst. The fibro-papilloma was characterized grossly by finger like projection which localized above the elbow. Microscopically papilloma was characterized by hyperkeratosis and acanthosis.
The fibroma was localized on the skin of breast region. Both types of hard and soft fibroma were recorded. Microscopically, fibrocytes with few or abundant collagen and hyperchromatic neucli were seen. Malignant lymphoma could be seen and identified only microscopically during the examination of the axillary lymph nodes.
Epidermoid cyst could be seen mainly on the skin of the neck and also
allover the skin of the body. 0.5% of the total number of the camels were infected with pox virus. The pox virus was diagnosed virologically by inoculation of CAM of chicken egg embryo.
The pox lesions were located on the skin of the lips, nostrils, thigh and inguinal region. Grossly the lesions appeared as viscles, pustules, ulcer with brown incrustation in addition to swollen of submaxillary lymph nodes. Microscopically the pox lesion was characterized by acanthosis with vesicles formation and intracytoplasmic eosinophelic inclusion body with leucocytic infiltration and some time ulceration.
The skin affection of camels usually accompanied with the affection of the drained lymph node especially. The submaxillary, lingual, cervical and axillary lymph-nodes. The gross lesions of these lymph nodes were characterized by enlargment, swollen, edematous and pulged hyperemic in cu section.Microscopically different types of lymphadenitis acute chronic could be seen.