الفهرس 
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Abstract
The present study was dealing with 2 parts, the first was
identification of common ectoparasites infesting Arabian camels in Egypt during the period from May 1994 to April 1995. The second part was a trial for production and evaluation of soluble extract antigen and vaccine from camelian tick Hyalomma dromedarii.
The investigated animals were 480 Arabian camels from Benha &Belbis markets and Benha abattoir. The identified arthropods were Ixodid ticks, parasitic mites, blood sucking flies and myaisis producing flies.
The obtained results revealed that 80 % of investigated camels were infested with ticks and the predeminent was Hyalomma species (96.9%). While Amblyomma (2.77%) ,Rhipicephalus (0.33%) and Boophilus (0.06%) were identified in lower percentage.
The identified species of ticks were Hyalomma dromedarii (37.13%), Hyalomma anatalicurn (17.7%), Hyalomma.excavattun (10.52%), Hyalomma marganatum (3.25%), Hyalomma.rufipes (5.54%), Hyalomma.schulzei (1.73%), Hyalomma. truncatum (0.93%), Amblyomma lepidum (2.77%), Rhipicephalus sanguineous (0.33% and Boophilus annulatus 0.06%.
Dealing with seasonal dynamics of ticks infesting Arabian camels, results showed that the lergest number of ticks was collected in Spring and Summer with tick burden (12.29, 11.58 male ticks/ animal respectively), while the lowest number was collected in AutummAlso the highest number of female ticks was collected in Spring and Summer with an intensity of (5.48, 4.02 females / camel respectively) while the lowest was in Winter.
The predilection sites for ticks on camels were perineal, inguinal, back and chest regions, meanwhile moderate numbers were collected from legs & abdomen.
Sarcoptes scbiei var cameli was recorded to be the only mites infesting camels during the period of the study.The infestation rate among examined camels from markets was 67.5% and from abottoir was (29.58%).The peak of infection was in Summer (88.33%) and the lowest was in Autumn (43.33%).
Chest, Inguinal, perineal , lips and backs were the predlection sites for Sarcoptes scabiei var cameli in camels.
Stomoxys calcitrans Tabanus toeneola, Hippobosca camelina were the blood sucking insects infesting camels during the period of the study. The peak of infection with Stomoxys calcitrans was in Autumn and the Tabanus and, Hippobosca camelina was also in Spring.
The predilection sites for Stomoxys. calcitrans on camels were legs, neck, abdomen, chest and back and for Tabanus, legs and abdomen, while Hippobosca camelina were the hidden places like udder, inguinal, perineal regions and mandibles.
A total number of 417 second and third larvae of Cephalopina titillator were collected from the nasopharyngeal cavities of 93 camels with an infestation rate (37.91%). The obtained data revealed that, Summer and Autumn represented the heavy seasons for infection.
Dealing with the second part of this work, the preparation of whole tick extract vaccine from partially fed adult female Hyalomma.dromedarii and from both partially fed males and females Hyalomma.dromedarii. The evaluation of the vaccine was done by immunization of rabbits free from infection with each in two separate expermints.
The effect of each vaccine was following in two ways, the first dealing with the developing stages of H.dromedarii on rabbits about the longivity of each stage, moulting period, feeding priod, mortality percentage and egg count.
The second way was dealing with rabbits as expermintal host about haematological examination of blood and histopathological examination of skin at the site of attachment with different stages of tick challenge.
The obtained results clearified that, there was a reduction in the number and weight of engorged and moulted larvae, nymphs and adults which fed an all immunized rabbits. Also, the number of oviposit females and the number of egg bataches were reduced.
Dealing with immunized rabbits, the blood picture revealed a signficant increase in total leuckocytic count and immunoglobulins while the histopathological examination of skin at sites of attachment revealed epidermal hyperkeratosis, focal leuckocytic cellular Inflitration, specially easinophils, mononuclear cells and lymphocytes. At late stage fibrosis of distructed cartilage were observed.
Finally, it was clear that the whole tick extract vaccine prepared either from partially fed females only or from both partially fed females and males of Hyalomma.dromedarii gave good results in immunizastion of rabbits against infestation with all stages of ticks. The worker suggested more researches in applying the vaccine on camel.
It is hoped that the present study will assist veterinarians, authers and others concerned with the health and welfare of camels in preventing and controlling this serious group of parasites.