الفهرس 
Chronic Lymphocytic LeukemiaOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a monoclonal disorder characterized by the accumulation of small mature-appearing CD5+ B lymphocytes in the blood, bone marrow, and lymphoid tissues. Several reliable prognostic markers were found to be capable of predicting the progression and outcome of the disease from its early stages including age, sex, lymphocyte morphology and number, serum factors, immunophenotyping and cytogenetic findings. Many risk parameters were defined as prognostic markers that appear to be clearly related to the biology of CLL including defects detectable on fluorescence in situ hybridization, surface marker CD38, and intracytoplasmic ZAP-70 levels. The CD49d is an integrin acting as a cell surface receptor on CLL cells that bind VCAM-1 and the CS-1 fragment of fibronectin expressed on marrow stromal cells, their physical contact promote CLL cells survival and also reduces both spontaneous and drug-induced apoptosis.