الفهرس 
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Abstract
During the past several years, it has become apparent that bladder cancer is a heterogenous multi- centric neoplasm.
The major problem in the diagnosis and management of bladder cancer has been the clinical, dilemma for recognizing the early malignancy & to plan the appropriate management.
Although clinical and pathologic investigations including C.T. scanning and urine cytology, render useful information in the management, there is still a number of patients in whom these conventional investigations do not detect the early malignancy.
Therefore we need further reliable, reproducible and non invasive tests to predict the natural history of these heterogenous bladder tumours.
Chromosomal abnormalities are considered as one of the tumour markers which will be of great help in detection of the early malignancy in bilharzial bladder carcinomas.