الفهرس 
ANATOMYOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
functioning vascular access is essential to achieve long term survival and optimal quality of life for patients undergoing hemodialysis. Dialysis access is usually in the form of AVF or grafts in straight or loop configurations (Liang et al., 2002).
Declotting of the thrombosed access can be done by local infusion of thrombolytics, pulse spray fluid injection through catheters (Valji et al., 1995), manual catheter directed thromboaspiration and mechanical devices (Turmel-Rodrigues et al., 1997).
After the treatment of thrombosd hemodialysis access the underlying stenosis is unmasked in the vast majority of cases. Dilation is then performed using percutaneous angioplasty balloon (Turmel-Rodrigues, 2004).
Indications for stent placement comprise complications and limitations of dilation as early recurring restenosis and residual stenosis greater than 30% (Turmel-Rodrigues et al., 1997).
The patients and their referring nephrologists might stipulate five requirements for the treatment; minimal invasiveness, safety, effectiveness, durability &preservation of venous reserve. Unfortunately, in the vast majority of cases; neither surgery nor inter-ventional radiology provides a positive response to those five requirements. However, interventional radiology gives the advantages of minimal invasive-ness, safety and better preservation of venous capital (Turmel-Rodrigues, 2004).