الفهرس 
REVIEW OF LITERATUREOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The present investigation was conducted at the Experimental Farm Sers El-Laian Agricultural Research Station, Agricultural Research Center,
Egypt, to investigate the effect of plant densities, organic and
biofertilization on growth, abscission, nodulation, yield components and
some technological characteristics of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) cultivars
during the successive winter seasons of 2009/2010 and 2010/2011.
The experiment included fifty four treatments in each growing
season which were the combination of three plant densities, three cultivars
and six fertilization systems which are as follows:
A- Plant densities.
1- 70,000 plant/fed 2- 105,000 plant/fed 3- 140,000 plant/fed
B- Cultivars.
1- Giza 3 2- Giza 716 3- Nubaria 1
C- Fertilization systems.
1- Untreated (Control).
2- Biofertilizers (mixed inocula of Rhizobium, Azotobacter,
Azospirillum and Bacillus spp.).
3- Compost at a rate of 4 ton/fed.
4- Compost at a rate of 6 ton/fed.
5- Compost at a rate of 4 ton/fed + biofertilizers.
6- Compost at a rate of 6 ton/fed + biofertilizers.
The Treatments were arranged at random in a split split plot design with
three replications. The main plots were allocated for plant densities.
However, the sub-plots were devoted for the cultivars and the sub-sub
plots were occupied by fertilization systems.
The obtained results could be summarized as follows:
I- Growth analysis
1- Differences among the three tested plant densities were found among
characters studied. Plant density of 70,000 plant/fed surpassed the other
densities in numbers of branches and leaves /plant, leaf area and stem,
leaves, pods and total dry weights/plant. However, the density of
140,000 plant/fed exhibited greatest plant height in both seasons.
2- Differences among the three tested faba bean cultivars were observed
among characters studied. In this respect, Giza 3 surpassed the other
cultivars in plant height, while Nubaria 1 had substantial increases in
numbers of branches and leaves/plant, leaf area/plant and leaves dry
weight /plant. However, Giza 716 exhibited greatest stem, pods and total
dry weights/plant in both seasons.
3- Data of the growth characters indicated that application of 6 ton
compost + biofertilizers gave the highest values of plant height, numbers
of branches and leaves/plant, leaf area per plant, dry weight of different
organs /plant compared to the other fertilization systems.
However, application of 4 ton compost + biofertilizers ranked as a
second in this respect during all growth stages in both seasons.
4- The interaction between densities and cultivars on number of branches
and pods dry weight/plant were statistically significant during both
seasons. It clear that Nubaria 1 possessed their highest mean values of
number of branches /plant when the plants were planted under density of
70000 plant, while Giza 716 cultivar had the highest values of pods dry
weight when the plants were under density of 70000 plant.
5- Concerning the interaction between densities and fertilization, the
highest mean values of stem, leaves, pods and total dry weights /plant
were obtained from plant density (70,000 plant / fed) and fertilization
with 6 ton com +bio treatment in the two seasons.
6- The interaction showed that Giza 3 was produced the tallest plants when
fertilized with 6 ton compost+bio. Meanwhile, Nubaria 1 possessed their
higher mean values of leaf area and leaves dry weight/plant when the
plants were fertilized with 4 or 6 ton compost+bio. On the other side,
maximum values of stem, pods and total dry matter were obtained from
sowing Giza 716 and fertilized with 6 ton compost+bio in both seasons.
7- The interactions between the three factors were found to be significant
for leaf area and dry weight of different organs of plant in both seasons.
Nubaria 1 produced the highest values of leaf area and leaves dry weight
when plants were sowed under the density of 70000 plant/fed and
fertilized with 4 or 6 ton compost + bio. However, the highest values of
stem, pods and total dry weight were obtained by sowing Giza 716
under density of 70000 plant /fed and fertilized with 6 ton compost+bio.
II- Numbers and abscission of flowers and pods
1- The results showed that density of 70000 plant/fed recorded the highest
number of flowers and setting pods/plant, while the dense density
produced the lowest ones in both seasons. On the other hand, the lowest
density produced lower percentages of flowers, pods and total
abscissions per plant than mid and dense densities in both seasons.
2- Giza 716 cultivar produced the highest number of flowers/plant while
Nubaria 1 produced the lowest one in both seasons. However, Giza 3
cultivar surpassed the other tested cultivars in number of setting
pods/plant and produced the lowest percentages of flowers, setting pods
and total abscissions per plant than other cultivars in both seasons.
3- The highest number of flowers and setting pods/plant were obtained by
the application of 6 ton compost+bio followed by 4 ton compost+bio
treatment. Also, application of 6 ton compost+bio significantly
reduced the abscission percentages compared to other fertilization
systems.
4- The interaction between densities and cultivars indicated that sowing
Giza 716 cultivar under the plant density of 70,000 or 105,000 plant/fed
produced the highest number of flowers/plant without significant
differences in the both seasons. However, the highest number of setting
pods /plant and lowest flower, setting pods and total abscission% were
obtained by sowing Giza 3 under density of 70,000 plant/fed.
5- The interaction between densities and fertilization showed that sowing
plants under the density of 105,000 plant/fed and fertilized with 6 ton
compost+bio surpassed the other treatments in number of flowers/plant.
However, the maximum number of setting pods and lowest values of
abscission % were recorded by fertilized plants with 6 ton compost +bio
under the density of 70,000 plant in the both seasons.
6- The interaction between cultivars and fertilization systems showed that
the highest values of numbers of flowers and setting pods/plant were
obtained from fertilized Giza 3 cultivar with 6 ton compost + bio, while
the lowest ones obtained from unfertilized Nubaria 1 plants. On the
other hand, the lowest values of abscission % were recorded mostly
when fertilized Giza 3 plants with 4 ton compost + bio or 6 ton compost
+ bio in both seasons.
7- The interaction among the three factors showed that planting Giza 3
under the density of 70,000 plant/fed and fertilized with 6 ton compost
+ bio significantly increased number of setting pods, while reduced the
values of flowers, setting pods and total abscission % compared to other
cultivars under other densities and fertilization systems.
III- Nodulation and nitrogenase activity
1- The data demonstrate that were significant differences among the tested
densities for all characters studied in both seasons. The highest
nodules number and weight/plant and nitrogenase activity were
obtained by density of 70,000 plant/fed followed by density of
105,000 plant/fed during all growth stages in the two seasons.
2- Nubaria 1 cultivar surpassed the other cultivars in nodulation and
nitrogenase activity, while Giza 3 ranked inferior in this respect during
all growth stages in the two seasons.
3- Application of compost, biofertilizers and their mixture caused an
increase in nodulation and nitrogenase activity compared to unfertilized
plants, where applying 6 ton compost+bio produced the highest values.
4- The data of the interaction between densities and cultivars showed that
maximum nodules number and weight/plant and nitrogenase
activity were obtained when sowed Nubaria 1 cultivar under the
density of 70,000 plant/fed. However, the lowest significant values were
obtained when sowing Giza 3 cultivar under the density of 140000
plant/fed.
5- The interaction between the tested densities and fertilization systems
was significant for nodulation and nitrogenase activity. The data
indicated that the sowing plants under the density of 70,000 plant/fed
and fertilized with 6 ton compost+bio produced the highest significant
values. However, the lowest significant values were obtained when the
plants were cultivated under the density of 140,000 plant/fed and
unfertilized with any fertilization systems.
6- Interaction data clear that treatment of fertilized Nubaria 1 plants with 6
ton compost+bio produced the highest values of nodules number and
dry weight /plant and nitrogenase activity, while the lowest values were
obtained by unfertilized Giza 3 plants during both seasons.
7- Data of the interaction among the three factors showed that planting
Nubaria 1 cultivar under the density of 70,000 plant/fed and fertilized
plants with 6 ton compost+bio was more the effective treatment for
increasing nodulation and nitrogenase compared to other treatments.
IV-Yield and yield components
1- The results denoted that yield and yield components were significantly
differed by tested plant densities. Results indicated that the highest
yield components of plant were resulted from the lowest plant density,
while the maximum seed, straw and biological yields/fed were
recorded by the dense density in both seasons.
2- Data showed that Giza 3 cultivar produced the highest number of
pods/plant and seed yield per plant and fed, while Nubaria 1 cultivar
surpassed the other cultivars in number of seeds/pod, 100-seed weight,
seed weight/pod and straw and biological yields/fed in both seasons.
3- Application of the compost and biofertilization especially the highest
mixture caused a significant increase in all yield and its components
characters compared to unfertilized plants in both seasons.
4- In both seasons, the interaction between densities and cultivars
indicated that sowing Giza 3 cultivar under the lowest density
produced the highest number of pods/plant and seed yield/plant.
However, Nubaria 1 under the same density recorded the highest
number of seeds /pod and 100-seed weight. The maximum yield of
seed/fed was obtained by sowing Giza 3 under dense density, while
straw and biological yields were obtained by Nubaria 1 under the dense
density.
5- Interaction effect showed that the highest yield components of plant
were resulted from the lowest plant density and fertilized plants with 6
ton compost+bio, while the maximum seed, straw and biological
yields/fed were recorded by the dense density and fertilized plants with
6 ton compost+bio in both seasons.
6- Concerning interaction between cultivars and fertilization, fertilized
Giza 3 plants with 6 ton compost+bio seemed to be the most effective
treatment on increasing the number of pods/plant and seed yield per
plant and fed. However, fertilized Nubaria 1 plants with 6 ton
compost+bio produced the highest values of number of seeds/pod, 100-
seed weight, seed weight/pod and straw and biological yields/fed.
7- In both seasons, the triple interactions showed that Giza 3 cultivar
possessed their highest values when fertilized with 6 ton compost+bio
under the density of 70,000 plant/fed for number of pods and seed
yield /plant characters and under the density of 140,000 plant/fed for
seed yield/fed. However, Nubaria 1 cultivar produced their highest
values when fertilized with 6 ton compost+bio under the density of
70,000 plant/fed for number of seeds /pod and 100- seed weight and
under the density of 140,000 plant/fed for straw and biological
yields/fed.
V- Chemical analysis of plant dry matter and seeds:
1- The highest NPK percentage and uptake in dry matter and seeds were
obtained with the lowest plant density. However, the lowest values
obtained by increasing density up to 140,000 plant/fed.
2- Nubaria 1 cultivar was the most superior one for NPK% in dry matter
and seeds than the other two cultivars, while Giza 716 and Giza 3
cultivars exhibited maximum values of NPK uptake in dry matter and
seeds, respectively in both seasons.
3- Fertilization plants with compost, biofertilizers and their mixture
caused a significant increase for NPK % and uptake in dry matter and
seeds in favor of 6 ton compost+bio compared to unfertilized plants.
4- In both seasons, the interaction between the densities and cultivars had
no significant effects on NPK% and uptake in dry matter and seeds.
5- The interaction between the densities and fertilization did not reach the
level of significant for NPK% and uptake in both seasons.
6- The NPK percentage and uptake were not significantly affected by the
interaction between cultivars and fertilization in both seasons.
7- The NPK% and uptake in dry matter and seeds were not significantly
affected by the interaction among the three factors during both seasons.
VI- Technological suitability of seeds
1- The highest plant density gave the highest mean values of TSS and
imbibed water % in the two seasons. Meanwhile the density of 105,000
and 140,000 plant/fed produced the highest values of stewing %
without significant difference between the two densities.
2- It is obvious that the Giza 3 cultivar surpassed the other two cultivars
in TSS and imbibed water % of faba bean seeds. However, Nubaria 1
produced the highest stewing values.
3- Fertilization plants with 6 ton compost + bio followed by 4 ton
compost + bio produced the highest values of TSS, imbibed water and
stewing% than that obtained by the rest treatments. One the contrary,
the lowest values was obtained by unfertilized plants.
4- The interaction between the densities and cultivars had no significant
effects on seed technological characters.
5- The interaction between the densities and fertilization did not reach the
level of significant for seed technological characters.
6- The interaction between the cultivars and fertilization showed that the
highest values of TSS and imbibed water % were recorded when
fertilized Giza 3 plants with 6 ton compost + bio. However, fertilized
Nubaria 1 and Giza 716 cultivars with 6 ton compost + bio gave the
highest values of stewing % without significant between them.
7- Results indicated that seed technological characters were not
significantly affected by the interaction among the three factors in both
seasons.