الفهرس 
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Abstract
The series of events that led to the discovery of aflatoxin as a
potent carcenogen, the interesting in slight into the economical and
technological factors involved in the development of an effective control
measure. The first part: In this study we examined three hundred and twenty samples of
mixed animal feed (poultry and large animal) and cereal grains (yellow
corn and soybean) each of hem include 80 samples from different
localities in Kalubia and Sharkia governorates. We found that aflatoxin
Bl represented the most prevalent type of aflatoxins (53.85%) followed
by aflatoxin 02 (44.44%), aflatoxin 01 (23.93%) of total positive
samples.
I The over all positive samples were 117 samples (36.56%)
representing, 29 samples(24.79%) of poultry feed; 40 samples (34.19%)
of large animal feed; 32 samples (27.3 5%) of yellow corn and 16 samples
(13.67%) of soybean. Concerning to poultry feed, out of 80 samples, 29 samples
(3 6.25%) were contaminated with aflatoxins representing (51.72%) were
contaminated with aflatoxin B 1 in a range of 20-1050 ppb, aflatoxins (01
and 02) were representing (13.79 and 41.38%), respectively of total
positive poultry samples, the levels of aflatoxins ranged from (3 7-54 ppb;
200-2400 ppb and respectively. Regarding large animal feed we noted that out of 80 samples 40
samples (50%) were contaminated with aflatoxins representing aflatoxin
(Bl, 01 and 02) representing (40%, 40% and 60%) total positive large animal feed samples, aflatoxins ranged from 320-628 ppb, 10-820 ppb and 240-356 ppb. from 80 yellow corn examined samples 32 samples (40%) were contaminated with different types of aflatoxins where aflatoxins (B 1, 01
and 02) were representing (50%, 20% and 50%) respectively of total
positive yellow corn samples, the aflatoxins ranged from (50-168 ppb);
(11.8-17.5 ppb), and (240-356 ppb) respectively.
from 80 soybean samples, 16 samples (20%) were contaminated
with aflatoxins where aflatoxins (B 1 and B 1 with B2) were represnting
(100% and 50%) respectively of total positive soybean samples the
aflatoxins ranged from (50-70 ppb and 120-2 10 popb). Respectively.
The second part:
According to the Egyptian organixation for standardization and
Quality control (1990) we used aflatoxin Bi in a dose of 10 jig/kg to
evaluate the effect of this concentration beside studying the protective
action of new antimycotoxin (Mycotox)R against aflatoxin b 1 toxicity on
one day-old chickens. The chickens were classified in 3 groups.
- The first group (group I) dosed aflatoxin B 1 (10 jig / kg feed) for 6
weeks.
- The second group (group II) dosed aflatoxin B 1 (10 jig/kg feed) and
antimycotoxin 1 kg / ton feed for 6 weeks.
- The third group (group III) kept as control for 6 weeks.
Concerning to the nutritional aspects we noticed that group (I)
showed significant reduction in growth rate and lowered body weight.
On the other hand the group showed significant increased in
growth rate, body weight.
Our results indicated that antitoxin was effective in minimizing the
toxic effect of aflatoxin B 1 on chicken.
Aflatoxin B 1 in group (I) reduced the relative weight of liver,
spleen, thymus and bursa of Fabricius but increased relative weight of
heart, brain, kidney, gizzard and the proventriculus, but the group (II)
dosed aflatoxin B I with (antitoxin) showed some what increased in
relative weight of liver, spleen, thymus and bursa of fabrious. However
decrease in relative weight of heart, brain, kidney, gizzard and
proventriculus than the aflatoxicated group was observed.
Aflatoxin B 1 induced significant reduced in RBCs, WBCs, HI,, non
significant reduced in PCV. On other hand, group II given aflatoxin B 1
with antitoxin showed a significant relative weight and increase in RBCs,
WBCs, Hb in relation to aflatoxicated group but non significant increase
in PCV value but were still lower than the control one.
Aflatoxin B 1 produced lymphopenia, basopenia, oesinopenia,
monocytosis and heterophilia. However, picture was improved in group II
given antitoxin with aflatoxin B 1.
Aflatoxin B 1 resulted in significant decrease in serum total protein,
albumin and globulin levels but all of then showed significant increase in
group given antitoxin with aflatoxin B 1 in omparison with aflatoxicated
one.
Regarding to the effect of aflatoxin B 1 in biochemical parameters
that there were a significant increase in serum alkaline phosphatase,
aspertate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, direct and total
bilirubin, but the group II treated with antitoxin with aflatoxins, showed a
significant decrease of them than the aflatoxicated group and aflatoxin B 1
showed significant increase in urea and creatinin serum level. While the group II treated with antitoxin with aflatoxin B 1 showed a significant
decrease of then than the aflatoxicated group I.
Aflatoxin B 1 showed significant lowered the haemagglutination
antibodies titer against Newcastle disease virus (NDVV) vaccine also
antibodies titer against infectious bursal disease (IBDV) and infectious
bronchitis disease, vaccines (IBV) meanwhile group given aflatoxin with
antitoxin showed elevation in antibodies titers against (NDVV), IBDV
and IBV in comparison with aflatoxicated group I but still lower than
control one.
Aflatoxin B 1 induced pale friable liver with radish area which
became patches of necrotic foci after 6 weeks, the boundy of liver became
rounded, gall bladder enlarged and engarged with bile. The intestine were
haemorrhagic and enlargement of bursa of fabricius was observed. Then
became smaller in size with petechial haemorrhage after 6 weeks of age,
pale kidney with white cord like ureters was also observed. Antitoxin
treated group II with aflatoxin showed congested liver and less enlarged
gall bladder than the aflatoxicated group I, bursa of fabricius were
enlarged with slight congestion also kidney showed sever congestion.
Alatoxin B 1 caused difffised hydropic degeneration of hepatocytes,
diffused fatty changes, lymphocytic aggregation, focal area of necrotic
hepatocyte, congested portal area and hyperplasia of epithelial lining of
bile duct were seen.
Kidney showed cloudy swelling of renal tubules, shrankage of
glomeruli, pyknosis, hyperplasia of epithelial lining of ureter, congested
renal blood vessels and focal area of lymphocytic aggregation but group
II showed focal renal tubular degeneration, congested renal blood vessels. Bursa of fabricius in group I showed sever lymphoid depletion,
diffUse epithelial lining desquamation interfollicular oederna, infiltrated
by inflammatory cells, but group II slight lymphoid depletion and focal
desquarnation of epithelial lining and focal hyper plasia were detected.
Thyrnus in, group I showed necrosis with multiple areas of
haemorrhage were recorded, while group II showed slight lymphoid
depletion.
Spleen in group I showed oedematus blood vessels with
proliferation of epithelial lining, sever lymphoid depletion, while spleen
of group II showed focal areas of haemorrhage with focal lymphoid
depletion.
Brain in group I showed diffUsed neural degeneration ineurophagia
and cerebral encephalomylia. The group I also showed cardiac muscle
cell hyalinization prevascular oedema, congested blood vessels and
inflammatory cell aggregation. These lesions were observed in the group
II but in less degree.
Residues:
Investigate the residues of Aflatoxin in chickens muscles to detect
the harzard of health for consumption of naturally aflatoxicated chickens
in the field by poor quality corn and soybean and mixed poultry feed, as
meat of chickens considered a cheap source of protein than other and
more popular where Egyptian peoples, we found that aflatoxins residues
were AFB 1 & AFB2 and AFG1 were higher than the permisable limit in
Egypt, and in the breast muscle higher than the thigh muscles. Also,
given antitoxin could be prevent aflatoxin residues or at least reduce it.