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Abstract Citrusisavery largeanddiversegenusandwidelydistributedinAsia, AustraliaandAfrica. Thepresentstudyincludestwomainparts: Part I: Phytochemicalstudy of CitrusmedicaL. A. Studyof essentialoilofCitrusmedicaL.: Theessentialoilsofpeelsoffruitwereprepared by hydrodistillation method. FromtheGC/MS analysisoftheessentialoilofpeels19components wereidentifiedrepresenting 99.99%oftheoil.Themajorcomponentswere decahydronaphthalene (39.64%),dihydroterpinene(25.98%)andlimonene (10.92%). Also the essential oil were found to be rich in hydrocarbones (86.43%). B.Phytochemicalinvestigationof CitrusmedicaL.leaves: Chapter1: Preliminaryphytochemicalscreening: PreliminaryphytochemicalscreeningofCitrusmedicaL.leavesrevealed: Presenceofcarbohydratesand/orglycosides,coumarins,sterolsand/or triterpenes,tannins,flavonoidsandtracesofalkaloidinleaves. Absenceofcrystallinesublimate,anthraquinones,saponinsandcardiac glycosides. Chapter2:Studyof petroleumetherextract: Theunsaponifiablematterrepresents77%ofthepetroleumether fraction. TheGC/MSanalysisofUSM, revealedthepresenceof32compounds, representing(70.77%)of USM. Thetotalknownidentifiedcompoundsrepresenting(70.77%) ofUSM. The identified Hydrocarbons were found to represent (62.39%) and sterols(8.38%)oftotalknownidentifiedcompounds. Heneicosane (16.7%) wasthemajorhydrocarbon.β-sitosterol (4.03%) wasthemajor sterol,whileγ-sitosterolwas(2.16%)andstigmasterolwas(0.38%). Whilethesaponifiable matterrepresents 23%ofthepetroleumether fraction.TheGC/MSanalysisofFAME, revealedthepresenceof15 compounds, which were identified representing (92.56%) of FA [saturated FA (61.39%) and unsaturated FA (31.17%)], the major saturatedfattyacidwashexadecanoicacid(19.93%) andthemajor unsaturatedfattyacid was9,12,15-Octadecatrienoicacidmethyl ester (12.78%). Chapter3:Studyof 70%methanolextract: Theair-dried powdered leaveswere maceratedinPetroleumethertill exhaustionthenextractedwithmethanol(70%).Themethanol(70%)residue wasfractionatedonchromatographiccolumnwithgradientelution. Comparing ourdatawiththosereportedintheliterature,theidentified compoundswereidentifiedbydifferentspectraltechniquesasthefollowing: Compound1:β-sitosterolglucosides. Compound 2: sakuranetin, isolated for the first time from family Rutaceace. Compound3:7-O-methylaromadendrin,isolatedforthefirsttimefrom familyRutaceace. Compound4:dihydrokaempheidewhichisnewinspecies. Compound5:Hesperitinwhichisnewinspecies. Compound6: rutinwhichisnewinspecies. Compound7:7(3’-methylallyoxy-3’-al)coumarin,isolatedforthefirst time fromfamilyRutaceace. The structures of these isolated compounds were established on basis of physicochemicalandspectroscopicdata. Part II: Biologicalstudyof CitrusmedicaL.: Chapter1:Acutetoxicitystudy: The70%methanolandpetroleumetherextractsofC.medicaL.leaves whentestedweresafeup to2g/kg. Chapter2:Estrogenicactivityof thepetroleumetherextractof theleaves: Oraladministration ofC.medicaL.extracttoovariectomized immature femaleWistarratsfor7daysinadoseof400mg/kg resultedinsignificant increaseintheuterineweight(1.7±0.11) whencomparedwithovariectomized control. Chapter3:Antioxidantactivity: The 70% methanol extract of the leaves showed high % scavenging activitywhilethepetroleumetherextractshowedlow%scavengingactivity. Chapter4:Antihyperglycemicactivity: Resultsshowed thesignificantdecreaseinglucose levelafteronemonth oftreatmentatthetwodoses200and400mgofthe70%methanolextractof C.medicaL.leaves(105.2and87.4mg/dl,respectively) whencomparedtothe non–treated andthediabeticcontrolgroups.Whileresultsshowedthesignificant decreaseinserumtriglycerideslevelafteronemonthoftreatmentat400mg (88.3mg/dl)whencomparedto thenon– treatedand the diabetic controlgroups, Resultsalsoshowedthe significant decrease inserumLDL levelafteronemonth oftreatmentat400mg (89.6 mg/dl)whencompared tothenon–treatedandthe diabeticcontrolgroups.Alsoresultsshowed thesignificant increaseinserum HDLlevelafteronemonthoftreatmentat the twodoses200and400mg(42and 50.6mg/dl,respectively)whencomparedtothediabeticcontrolgroups. Recommendations 1. Clinicaltrialsarehighlyrecommendedtoclarifythesafetyandefficacy oftheleavesinthehumanbeings. 2. Theantihyperglycemicandestrogenicactivityshouldbefurtherstudied to clarifythepossiblemodeofaction. 3. CultivationofCitrusmedicaL.inwiderangeformoreresearches. 4. Testingmorebiologicalactivities(asAlzheimer,antiulcerandcytotoxic activities). 5. Formulationofsuitabledosageformsforapplicationinhealthimprovent. |