الفهرس 
Introduction
Chapter 1: Preliminary phytochemical screeningOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
 |  | from | 138 |  |  |
| | | from | 138 | | |
Abstract
Citrusisavery largeanddiversegenusandwidelydistributedinAsia, AustraliaandAfrica.
Thepresentstudyincludestwomainparts:
Part I: Phytochemicalstudy of CitrusmedicaL.
A. Studyof essentialoilofCitrusmedicaL.:
Theessentialoilsofpeelsoffruitwereprepared by hydrodistillation method. FromtheGC/MS analysisoftheessentialoilofpeels19components wereidentifiedrepresenting 99.99%oftheoil.Themajorcomponentswere decahydronaphthalene (39.64%),dihydroterpinene(25.98%)andlimonene (10.92%). Also the essential oil were found to be rich in hydrocarbones (86.43%).
B.Phytochemicalinvestigationof CitrusmedicaL.leaves: Chapter1: Preliminaryphytochemicalscreening:
PreliminaryphytochemicalscreeningofCitrusmedicaL.leavesrevealed:
Presenceofcarbohydratesand/orglycosides,coumarins,sterolsand/or triterpenes,tannins,flavonoidsandtracesofalkaloidinleaves.
Absenceofcrystallinesublimate,anthraquinones,saponinsandcardiac glycosides.
Chapter2:Studyof petroleumetherextract:
Theunsaponifiablematterrepresents77%ofthepetroleumether fraction.
TheGC/MSanalysisofUSM, revealedthepresenceof32compounds, representing(70.77%)of USM.
Thetotalknownidentifiedcompoundsrepresenting(70.77%) ofUSM. The identified Hydrocarbons were found to represent (62.39%) and sterols(8.38%)oftotalknownidentifiedcompounds. Heneicosane (16.7%) wasthemajorhydrocarbon.β-sitosterol (4.03%) wasthemajor sterol,whileγ-sitosterolwas(2.16%)andstigmasterolwas(0.38%).
Whilethesaponifiable matterrepresents 23%ofthepetroleumether fraction.TheGC/MSanalysisofFAME, revealedthepresenceof15 compounds, which were identified representing (92.56%) of FA [saturated FA (61.39%) and unsaturated FA (31.17%)], the major saturatedfattyacidwashexadecanoicacid(19.93%) andthemajor unsaturatedfattyacid was9,12,15-Octadecatrienoicacidmethyl ester (12.78%).
Chapter3:Studyof 70%methanolextract:
Theair-dried powdered leaveswere maceratedinPetroleumethertill exhaustionthenextractedwithmethanol(70%).Themethanol(70%)residue wasfractionatedonchromatographiccolumnwithgradientelution.
Comparing ourdatawiththosereportedintheliterature,theidentified compoundswereidentifiedbydifferentspectraltechniquesasthefollowing:
Compound1:β-sitosterolglucosides.
Compound 2: sakuranetin, isolated for the first time from family
Rutaceace.
Compound3:7-O-methylaromadendrin,isolatedforthefirsttimefrom familyRutaceace.
Compound4:dihydrokaempheidewhichisnewinspecies. Compound5:Hesperitinwhichisnewinspecies. Compound6: rutinwhichisnewinspecies.
Compound7:7(3’-methylallyoxy-3’-al)coumarin,isolatedforthefirst time fromfamilyRutaceace.
The structures of these isolated compounds were established on basis of physicochemicalandspectroscopicdata.
Part II: Biologicalstudyof CitrusmedicaL.:
Chapter1:Acutetoxicitystudy:
The70%methanolandpetroleumetherextractsofC.medicaL.leaves whentestedweresafeup to2g/kg.
Chapter2:Estrogenicactivityof thepetroleumetherextractof theleaves:
Oraladministration ofC.medicaL.extracttoovariectomized immature femaleWistarratsfor7daysinadoseof400mg/kg resultedinsignificant increaseintheuterineweight(1.7±0.11) whencomparedwithovariectomized control.
Chapter3:Antioxidantactivity:
The 70% methanol extract of the leaves showed high % scavenging activitywhilethepetroleumetherextractshowedlow%scavengingactivity.
Chapter4:Antihyperglycemicactivity:
Resultsshowed thesignificantdecreaseinglucose levelafteronemonth oftreatmentatthetwodoses200and400mgofthe70%methanolextractof C.medicaL.leaves(105.2and87.4mg/dl,respectively) whencomparedtothe non–treated andthediabeticcontrolgroups.Whileresultsshowedthesignificant decreaseinserumtriglycerideslevelafteronemonthoftreatmentat400mg (88.3mg/dl)whencomparedto thenon– treatedand the diabetic controlgroups, Resultsalsoshowedthe significant decrease inserumLDL levelafteronemonth oftreatmentat400mg (89.6 mg/dl)whencompared tothenon–treatedandthe diabeticcontrolgroups.Alsoresultsshowed thesignificant increaseinserum HDLlevelafteronemonthoftreatmentat the twodoses200and400mg(42and
50.6mg/dl,respectively)whencomparedtothediabeticcontrolgroups.
Recommendations
1. Clinicaltrialsarehighlyrecommendedtoclarifythesafetyandefficacy oftheleavesinthehumanbeings.
2. Theantihyperglycemicandestrogenicactivityshouldbefurtherstudied to clarifythepossiblemodeofaction.
3. CultivationofCitrusmedicaL.inwiderangeformoreresearches.
4. Testingmorebiologicalactivities(asAlzheimer,antiulcerandcytotoxic activities).
5. Formulationofsuitabledosageformsforapplicationinhealthimprovent.