الفهرس 
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Abstract
Campylobacter micro-organisms had been established as one of the most important bacterial agents that caused serious economic losses in farm animal industry . These bacteria were incriminated in various disease syndromes as infertility , abortion , diarrhea , mastitis and other systemic disorders . In the present study , 683 samples were collected from slaughtered camels ( 515 ) at different abattoirs and from alive camels ( 168 ) of camel population sites as well as from zoo-camels . Samples collected from slaughtered camels , included 194 preputial swabs , 177 vaginal swabs , 32 uterine discharge , 25 gravid uteri , 52 faecal swabs and 35 bile secretions . While, samples collected from alive camels included 136 samples from camel population sites ( 79 vaginal swabs and 57 faecal swabs ) and 32 samples from the zoo-camels ( 6 vaginal swabs and 26 faecal swabs ) , all the 6 vaginal swabs and 6 from the 26 faecal swabs were collected from the bacterian camels . All samples were subjected to detailed conventional bacteriological studies ( CM ) and indirect fluorescent antibody technique ( IFAT ) . As a result of CM , 98 ( 14.35% ) Campylobacter organisms were recovered from slaughtered and alive camels . The isolation rate of the organism from slaughter houses was 12.82% , camel population sites was 22.06% and from the Zoo was 6.25% . The distribution of the organism in slaughtered camels , showed that the highest incidence of isolation was 19.23% from faecal swabs , followed by 13.56% from vaginal swabs , 12.89% from preputial swabs , 11.43% from bile secretions , 6.25% from uterine discharge and 4% from gravid uteri .
The distribution of the organism in alive camels from camel population sites , showed that the isolation rate in vaginal swabs was 18.99% and in faecal swabs was 26.32% . While , in alive camels of the Zoo , the isolation rate in faecal swabs was 7.70% and no isolates were recovered from vaginal swabs . Accurate identification of the isolated strains was performed using the morphological , cultural and biochemical characteristics . Different types of media were used in the current study for isolation and maintenance of the organism , semisolid thiol or thioglycolate media were used as a transport enrichment media ( TEM ) , then the suspected growth was streaked directly onto blood agar plates containing antibiotics and / or filtred ( using 0.65 mm. pore size Millipore filters ) onto blood agar plates without antibiotics . Cefoperazone charcoal deoxycholate agar ( CCDA ) plates were used for isolation of Cjejuni and C.coli as the medium of choice for their recovery . All plates were incubated in a campy environment ( 5% 02 , 10% Coe and 85% N2 ) at 37°C for all species of Campylobacters except Cjejuni and C.coll which were incubated at 42 °C . The results which were discussed briefly , revealed the isolation and separation of 6 groups of Campylobacters :- Group I :- The isolates of this group was found to be catalase-positive , H2S negative and neither growth on 3.5% NaC1 nor on 1% glycine . This strain was identified as C.fetus subsp.venerealis . The isolation rate of this strain was 7.03% from slaughtered and alive camels ( 6.60% and 3.33% respectively ) . The distribution of this strain in slaughtered camels was 4.64% in preputial swabs , 12.43% in vaginal swabs , 6.25% in uterine swabs and 4% in gravid uteri . While its distributions in alive camels was 17.22% in vaginal swabs of camels from camel population sites .
Group II :- The strains of this group were found to be exhibited similar biochemical characters to that of Group I except that it grew on the presence of 1% glycine . This group was identified as C.fetus subsp.fetus .
The isolation rate of this strain was 1.17% from slaughtered and alive camels ( 0.78% and 1.19% respectively ) . The strain was isolated from vaginal and faecal swabs ( 1.15% and 3.70% respectively ) and its distribution in slaughtered camels was 1.13% and 3.85% respectively , while its distribution in alive camels was 1.27% and 5.26% respectively from camels of camel population sites . Group III :- The isolates of this group were catalase-negative , H2S positive and grew on either 3.5% NaC1 or 1% glycine . These isolates were identified as C.sputorm bv.bubulus and was considered as a non-pathogenic strains.
This strain was isolated from preputial swabs of male slaughtered camels in an incidence of 8.25% . Group IV :- The strains of this group grew well on blood agar plates without antibiotic , but there was neither growth on blood agar plates containing antibiotics nor on CCDA plates , this was attributed to the high sensitivity of such strain to antibiotics usually used in Campylobacter selective media . It exhibited similar biochemical behavior like that of Group III except that it produced urease . These isolates were identified as C.sputorum bv.paraureolyticus and was considered also as a non-pathogenic strains . These strains were isolated during the present study from faecal samples of slaughtered and alive camels in an incidence of 5.92% ( 5.77% and 8.77% respectively ) . Group V :- The isolates of this group were catalase-positive , H2S positive and hydrolyzed hippurate and were identified as Cjejuni The isolation rate of this group was 2.20% from slaughtered and alive camels , from faecal swabs and bile secretions was ( 8.89% and 8.57% respectively ) . The distribution of the organism in slaughtered camels was 9.62% and 8.57% in their faecal samples and bile secretions respectively . While , its distribution in alive camels was 8.77% from camel population sites and 7.69% from the zoo-camels ( all from the bacterian camels only ) , Campylobacter organisms were not previously isolated from such camel species .