الفهرس 
IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Iron deficiency anemia is the most prevalent nutritional disorder worldwide, especially in developing countries. It occurs when iron absorption cannot compensate iron requirements and losses. Requirements are especially high in pregnant women, infants, young children and adolescents who run a higher risk of being iron-deficient. In developing countries, the main cause of iron deficiency is the low iron bioavailability of the diet. The consequences of iron deficiency are many and serious, affecting not only individuals’ health but also the development of societies and countriesHypocalcemia is a common condition characterized by a net loss of calcium from extracellular fluid in greater quantities than can be replaced by the intestine or bone. Hypocalcemia is caused by a number of clinical entities and often presents with signs of generalized neuromuscular irritability including paresthesia, muscle cramps, laryngospasm, tetany, and seizures There are bacteria living in the gut. Some of them could cause disease; however there are also bacteria that are actually beneficial. These ”friendly” bacteria help keep bad bacteria and yeast from growing in the intestinal tract and keep the immune system functioning properly. These friendly bacteria called Probiotics. Probiotics are beneficial bacteria that can be found in various foods. When eating Probiotics, the healthy bacteria will add to intestinal tract. Common strains include Lactobacillis and Bifidobacterium families of bacteria. Probiotics bacteria like lactobacilli are naturally found in fermented foods like sauerkraut and yogurt. Some foods will have added Probiotics as healthy nutritional ingredients, which will be evident on the label Prebiotics are non-digestible foods that make their way through our digestive system and help good bacteria grow and flourish. Prebiotics keep beneficial bacteria healthy. Prebiotics that feed the beneficial bacteria in the gut mostly come from carbohydrate fibers (soluble fibers) called oligosaccharides. You don’t digest them, so the oligosaccharides remain in the digestive tract and stimulate the growth of beneficial bacteria. Sources of oligosaccharides include fruits, legumes, and whole grains. Fructo-oligosaccharides may be taken as a supplement or added to foods.The term synbiotic is used when a product contains both probiotics and prebiotics.Gum Arabic (GA), a natural composite polysaccharide derived from exudates of Acacia senegal and Acacia seyal trees, is one of the most commonly used food hydrocolloids.Prebiotics Several studies in animals and humans have shown positive effects of nondigestible oligosaccharides (NDO) on minerals absorption and metabolism and bone composition and architecture. These include inulin, oligofructose, fructooligosaccharides, galactooligosaccharides, soybean, oligosaccharide, and also resistant starches, sugar alcohols, and difructose anhydride. Therefore this study was carried to use Lactobacillus delbruekii and Lactobacillus fermentum) as a probiotics and Gum Arabic as a natural prebiotics and combination of them as synbiotics to study the effect of probiotics, prebiotics and Synbiotics on Iron Deficiency anemia and hypocalcemia in rats. (Eighty four) female weaning albino rats (Sprague-Dowley strain) with an average weight 84 ± 5 g were obtained from animal house of A.R.C (Agriculture Research Center), Gizza, Egypt were divided into 3 main groups (28 rats in each group) and housed in galvanized metal cages. All rats were adapted for three days on the control diet before the beginning of the experiment. GA, (normal rats), GB (anemic rats) and GC (hypocalcemic rats). The experimental period was 6 weeks. There were 2 weeks of the experiments to induce IDA and hypocalcemia in GB and GC respectively, which deionazed water and diet free of Iron , free of Ca and vitamin D were added respectively , then experimental diets and water were supplied ad libtum for 4 weeks.GA (Normal Rats):- (28 rats) were fed on basal diet for 2 weeks then divided randomly to four sub groups, 7 rats in each sub group as following: G1: rats fed on basal diet as a negative control group. G2: rats fed on basal diet supplemented with probiotics (Pro) (5 x109Lactobacillus delbruekii and 5 x109 Lactobacillus fermentum). G3: rats fed on basal diet supplemented with 10% Gum Arabic as a natural prebiotics (Pre). G4: rats fed on basal diet supplemented with 5 x109 Lactobacillus delbruekii and 5 x109 Lactobacillus fermentum) + 10% Gum Arabic as a synbiotics( Syn).GB (Anemic Rats ):28 rats fed on basal diet free of Iron and dionized water for 2 weeks to induce iron deficiency anemia then divided randomly for 4 sub groups, 7 rats in each group as the following: G5: Anemic rats fed on basal diet without any additives as anemic control. G6: Anemic rats fed on basal diet supplemented with Pro. G7: Anemic rats fed on basal diet supplemented with Pre. G8: Anemic rats fed on basal diet supplemented with Syn. GC :( Hypocalcemic Rats):28 rats fed on basal diet free of Ca and Vitamin D + dionized water for 2 weeks to induce Hypocalcemia then divided randomly for four sub groups as the following:G9: Hypocalcemic rats fed on basal diet without any additives as a hypocalcemic control. G10: Hypocalcemic rats fed on basal diet supplemented with Pro. G11: Hypocalcemic rats fed on basal diet supplemented with Pre. G12: Hypocalcemic rats fed on basal diet supplemented with Syn.At the end of the experiment, rats were fasted overnight and anesthetized with diethyl ether. Blood samples were collected in clean dry centrifuge tubes from hepatic portal vein. All blood samples were centrifuged for 15 minutes at 3000 rpm to separate the serum. Serum was carefully separated and transferred into dry clean a bandore of tubes and kept frozen at (-20°C) till analysis. The samples which used to determine hemoglobin, hematoctite and red blood cell used whole blood with EDTA. Specimens from liver, kidneys, spleen and heart were collected after kept in formalin to examine for the presence of Histopathological changes. Data were collected and mad statistical analysis.The obtained results can be summarized as following:1- Chemical Composition of Gum Arabic as Natural Prebiotics:The results showed that nutritional facts of gum arabic are 0.8, 0, 4, 10, and 85 % Protein; fats ash; moisture and carbohydrate. 85% of the Gum Arabic content is a dietary fiber in the soluble form which considered a prebiotics.2-Biological Evaluations:1-The results of BWG, FI and FER were around control group. This means that there were no bad effect of pro, GA as prebiotic and synbiotics on biological evaluations in normal rats.2- The results showed that there were a significantly decreasing (P ≤ 0.05) in BWG, FI and FER in anemic control group as compared to negative control, while There was a significantly increasing (P ≤ 0.05) in BWG, FI and FER in treatment groups especially G7: which were fed on Gum Arabic as a natural prebiotic as compared to anemic control.3- The results showed that there were a significantly decreasing (P ≤ 0.05) in BWG in hypocalcemic control group as compared to negative control, while FI & FER were around negative control. There was a significantly increasing (P ≤ 0.05) in BWG after feeding rats on treatment diets especially G7&G8 which were fed on Gum Arabic as a natural prebiotic and Synbiotics respectively as compared to hypocalcemic control.