الفهرس 
I-IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Water from holy ZamZam well is consumed by many Muslims in the world. Therefore the present study was carried out to investigate the effect of ZamZam Water in diabetes mellitus; nephrotoxicity and hepa-totoxicity rats as well as the chemical analysis. Methods: A total of 56 male albino rats weighing (150±5g) were divided into Four groups: - the first main group (14 rats) divided into two groups: - subgroup1a (7 rats) fed on basal diet plus tap water. - Subgroup 1b (7 rats) fed on basal diet plus Zamzam water. The second main group (14 rats) was injected with alloxan and divided into two groups: subgroup 2a (7 rats) fed on basal diet plus tap water. Subgroup 2b (7 rats) fed on basal diet plus Zamzam water. The third main group (14rats) was injection with gentamicin and divided into two groups: - subgroup 3a (7 rats) fed on basal diet plus tap water. Subgroup 3b (7 rats) fed on basal diet with Zamzam water. The fourth main group (14rats) was subcutaneously injected with CcL4 in paraffin oil divided into two groups: - Subgroup 4a (7 rats) fed on basal diet plus tap water. Subgroup 4b (7 rats) fed on basal diet plus Zamzam waterA-Chemical Composition of ZamZam Water and Tap Water:-Chemical analysis of ZamZam water and tap water. ZamZam water contains higher percentage of elements than tap water PH 7.8; 6.8 total hardness 210;146 mg/l, calcium hardness 125; 88 mg/l, magnesium hardness 85; 58 mg/l, calcium 130; 35.2 mg/l magnesium 32; 13.9 mg/l carbonate 0.0; 0.0 mg/l bicarbonate 195.4; 144 mg/l, chloride 91; 30 mg/l, sulfate 239.58; 30.1 mg/l, ammonia 0.0; 0.0 mg/l, nitrite 0.0; 0.0 mg/l, nitrate 26; 19 mg/l, Iron 0.3; 0.16 mg/l, manganese 0.04; 0.05 mg/l, fluoride 0.68; 0.0 mg/l and total dissolved Solids 607; 233 mg/l respec-tively. B-Effect of ZamZam Water on Diabetes Mellitus:1- Effect of ZamZam Water on the Percentage of Body Weight Gain; Feed Intake and Feed Efficiency Ratio in Diabetic Rats:Diabetes rats positive control showed significantly decreased (p<0.05) in body weight gain; feed intake and no significant in feed ef-ficiency ratio when compared with normal groups. This decrease was improved by treated with ZamZam water. 2- Effect of ZamZam Water on the Percentage of Organs Weight to Body Weight in Diabetes Rats:Diabetes rats positive control showed significantly increased (p<0.05) in organs weight (Liver; kidney; spleen; pancreas and heart) to body weight when compared with normal groups. However diabetic rats treated with ZamZam water gave a significant decrease (p<0.05) when compared to positive control.3- Effect of ZamZam Water on Glucose Level in Diabetic Rats:Diabetes rats (positive control) indicated significantly increased (p<0.05) in glucose level when compared to normal groups. Meanwhile, diabetic rats received with ZamZam water was significant decrease (p<0.05) when compared with positive control (diabetic rats received with tap water).4- Effect of ZamZam Water on Lipids Fraction in Diabetic Rats:Diabetes rats (positive control) revealed significantly increased (p<0.05) in total lipids(TL); total cholesterol(TC); triglyceride(TG); low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) very low density lipoprotein (VLDL-c) and increased high density lipoprotein (HDL-c) when com-pared to normal groups. Also, there was improved in this parameters when diabetic rats treated with ZamZam water.5- Effect of ZamZam Water on Kidney Function in Diabetic Rats: Diabetes rats received with tap water gave a significant increase (p<0.05) in kidney function (creatinine and urea) when compared to normal groups. Also, this increase of creatinine and urea improved by ZamZam water supplementation to diabetic rats 6- Effect of ZamZam Water on Liver Function in Diabetic Rats: Diabetes rats received with tap water was significantly increased (p<0.05) in Liver function (ALT; AST; ALP and bilirubin) when com-pared to normal groups. While, Liver function (ALT; AST; ALP and bilirubin) of diabetic rats treated with ZamZam water was significant decreased (p<0.05) when compared with positive control.7- Histopathological Changes in Pancreas; Kidney and Liver in Diabetic Rats:- Pancreas of diabetic rats fed on basal diet plus tap water showed necrosis of B cells of islets of longerhan and no histopathological changes in pancreas of diabetic rats fed on basal diet plus ZamZam water.Kidney of diabetic rats fed on basal diet plus tap water showed atrophy of glomerular tuft; atrophy of tuft, distension of Bowmanan space and vacuolation of epithelial liing renal tubules. While, no histo-pathological changes in kidney of diabetic rats fed on basal diet plus ZamZam water. Liver of diabetic rats fed on basal diet plus tap water showed gra-nularity of the cytoplasm of hepatocytes; hydropic degeneration of he-patocytes. While, improved changes in Liver of diabetic rats fed on basal diet plus ZamZam water.C-Effect of ZamZam Water on Nephrotoxicity:1- Effect of ZamZam Water on the Percentage of Body Weight Gain; Feed Intake and Feed Efficiency Ratio in Nephrotoxic Rats:-Nephrotoxic Rats gave a significantly decreased (p<0.05) in body weight gain; feed intake and feed efficiency ratio when compared with normal groups. While, nephrotoxic Rats treated with ZamZam water gave a significantly increased (P<0.05) in body weight gain; feed intake and feed efficiency ratio when compared with positive control.
2- Effect of ZamZam Water on the Percentage of Organs Weight to Body Weight in Nephrotoxic Rats:Nephrotoxic rats was significant increase (p<0.05) in organs weight (Liver; kidney; spleen; pancreas and heart) to body weight when compared with normal groups. Meanwhile, this increase in organs weight (Liver; kidney; spleen; pancreas and heart) to body weight was ameliorated by ZamZam water intake to nephrotoxic rats.3- Effect of ZamZam Water on Glucose Level in Nephrotoxic Rats:-Nephrotoxic rats gave a significantly increased (p<0.05) in glucose level when compared to normal groups. While, the level of glucose was significantly lower in nephrotoxic rats treated with ZamZam water than nephrotoxic rats received tap water (positive control)4- Effect of ZamZam Water on Lipids Fractions in Nephrotoxic Rats:Nephrotoxic rats was significantly higher (p<0.05) in total lipid (TL); total cholesterol; triglyceride (TG); low density lipoprotein cho-lesterol (LDL-c) very low density lipoprotein (VLDL-c) and lower den-sity lipoprotein (HDL-c) than normal groups. While, nephrotoxic rats treated with ZamZam water gave a significantly decreased (p<0.05) in parameters (TL, TC, TG, LDL-c, VLDL-c and increased in HDL-c when compared with positive control group.
5- Effect of ZamZam Water on Kidney Function in Nephrotoxic Rats:Nephrotoxic rats plus tap water (positive control) gave a signifi-cantly increased (p<0.05) in kidney function (creatinine and urea) when compared to normal groups. While nephrotoxic rats treated with Zam-Zam water were significantly higher (p<0.05) in kidney function than nephrotoxic rats received with tap water (positive control).6- Effect of ZamZam Water on Liver Function in Nephrotoxic Rats:Nephrotoxic rats plus tap water (positive control) was signifi-cantly decreased (p<0.05) in Liver function (ALT; AST; ALP and bi-lirubin) than normal groups. Meanwhile, this increased in liver func-tion (ALT; AST; ALP and bilirubin) were progressed by ZamZam water intake to nephrotoxic rats7- Histopathological Changes in Pancreas; Kidney and Liver in Nephrotoxic Rats:-Pancreas of nephrotoxic rats fed on basal diet plus tap water showed hyperplasia of B cells of islets of longerhan meanwhile, Pancreas of nephrotoxic rats fed on basal diet plus ZamZam water showed no histopathological changes.Kidney of nephrotoxic rats fed on basal diet plus tap water showed slight distension of Bowman .space and pyknosis of nuclei of epithelial lining some renal tubules. While, kidney of nephrotoxic rats fed on basal diet plus ZamZam water showed no histopathological changes.Liver of nephrotoxic rats fed on basal diet plus tap water showed cytoplasmic vacuolization of hepatocytes; cytoplasmic vacuolization of hepatocytes and focal hepatic necrosis associated with leucocytic cells infiltration. While, improved changes in Liver of nephrotoxic rats fed on basal diet plus ZamZam water.D-Effect of ZamZam Water on Hepatotoxicity: 1- Effect of ZamZam Water on Body Weight Gain; Feed Intake and Feed Efficiency Ratio in Hepatotoxic Rats:- Hepatotoxic rats gave a significantly decreased (p<0.05) in body weight gain; feed intake when compared with normal groups. This de-crease in BWG and FI get better when supplemented to ZamZam water in hepatotoxic rats and no significant in feed efficiency ratio when com-pared with normal groups and positive control group.2- Effect of ZamZam Water on the Percentage of Organs Weight to Body Weight in Hepatotoxic Rats:Hepatotoxic rats received with tap water was significantly increased (p<0.05) in organs weight (liver; kidney; spleen; pancreas and heart) to body weight when compared with normal groups. Organs weight (liver; kidney; spleen; pancreas and heart) to body weight were ameliorated when supplemented to ZamZam water in hepatotoxic rats.3- Effect of ZamZam Water on Glucose Level in Hepatotoxic Rats:-Hepatotoxic rats gave a significantly higher (p<0.05) in glucose level than normal groups. While, hepatotoxic rats treated with ZamZam water was significant decrease (p<0.05) in glucose level when compared to positive control.4- Effect of ZamZam Water on Lipids Fraction in Hepatotoxic Rats:-Hepatotoxic rats was significantly higher (p<0.05) in total lipid (TL); total cholesterol; triglyceride (TG); low density lipoprotein cho-lesterol (LDL-c) very low density lipoprotein (VLDL-c) and decreased in high density lipoprotein (HDL-c) than normal groups. While, there was significant decrease (p<0.05) in TP; TC; LDL-c TG; VLDL-c and increase in HDL-c of hepatotoxic rats treated with ZamZam water when compared with positive control.5- Effect of ZamZam Water on Kidney Function in Hepatotoxic Rats:Hepatotoxic rats received with tap water gave a significantly in-creased (p<0.05) in kidney function (creatinine and urea) when com-pared to normal groups. This increased of creatinine and urea improved by supplemented to ZamZam water in hepatotoxic rats 6- Effect of ZamZam Water on Liver Function in Hepatotoxic Rats:Hepatotoxic rats received with tap water gave a significant increase (p<0.05) in liver function (ALT; AST; ALP and bilirubin) when compared to normal groups. Meanwhile, liver function (ALT; AST; ALP and bilirubin) of hepatotoxic rats treated with ZamZam water were significantly lower (p<0.05) than positive group.7- Histopathological Changes in Pancreas; Kidney and Liver in Hepatotoxic Rats:-Pancreas of hepatotoxic rats fed basal diet plus tap water showed interstitial leucocytic cells infiltration while, pancreas of hepatotoxic rats fed basal diet plus ZamZam water showed no histopathological changes.Kidney of hepatotoxic rats fed on basal diet plus tap water showed small focal inflammatory cells aggregation Meanwhile kidney of hepa-totoxic rats fed on basal diet plus ZamZam water showed no histopatho-logical changes.Liver of hepatotoxic rats fed on basal diet plus tap water showed appearance of neulyformed bile ductuoles and portal oedema; fatty de-generation of hepatocytes; kupffer cells activation and few leucocytes in hepatic sinusoids. While, improved changes in liver of hepatotoxic rats fed on basal diet plus ZamZam water