الفهرس 
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Abstract
The aminoglycoside group contains several members of antibiotics. In this work we used streptomycin, kanamycin and gentamicin because these three drugs are used on large scale in the veterinary and human medicine for treatment of diseases caused by Gram negative bacteria, and human tuberculosis (T.B). Toxicity is the major limitation to the use of these antibiotics by injection, especially in the treatment of chronic diseases and human T.B. which take relatively long periods of therapy. The aim of this work is to study the changes in blood cytology, kidney tissue and kidney function at various durations of drug administration, by therapeutic doses of these drugs, in guinea pigs. The reversion of such changes were tested after the end of treatment courses. Ninety healthy adult male guinea pigs were used in this work, divided into 3 equal experiments, each one was subsequently subdivided into 6 equal groups. The animal of experiments 1,2 and 3 were given, s.c. single daily therapeutic dose 155 mg streptomycin, 155 mg kanamycin and 16.28 mg gentamicin!kg.b.w. respectively. Groups 1,2,3 and 4 were given the drug for 7, 14, 21 and 28 days respectively. Group 5 was given the drug for 28 days followed by 21 days without injection. Group 6 was the control which received a single daily s.c. injection (1 ml normal saline) per animal. The blood and urine samples were collecting during 24 hours after the final dose from the animals of first four roups, while 21 days after final dose from the animal of group 5. Blood picture revealed normocytic normochromic anaemia presented only in animals received streptomycin or gentamicin or kanamycin for 28 days. All other results of erythrocytic parameters did not change significantly. Eosinophillia after 14 days from streptomycin or kanamycin injection. Neutropenia and eosinophillia were seen in all animals received anyone of the three used drugs for 21 days. Leucopenia and lymphopenia and monocytopenia were seen in the animals received gentamicin or kanamycin for 21 day. All the above mentioned changes of leucocytes were seen in all animals received any one of the three drugs for 28 days. All other results of leucocytic parameters did not change i: significantly. The biochemical analysis of serum showed a mild increase in BUN and creatinine in the animals administered gentamicin or kanamycin for 14 days. After 21 and 28 days, there was significant increase of BUN and serum creatinine in all animals injected by any one of the three used drugs. There were hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia and hyponatremia after 21 and 28 days in the animals injected by gentamicin or kanamycin, while there was hyperkalemia in these animals only after 28 days. All other results did not significantly change. Urinalysis in the present work showed polyuria, decrease in specific gravity, proteinuria and increase in number of hyaline, granular and cellular casts in urine of most animals of the first four groups, specially the animals which received kanamycin or gentamicin for 21 and 28 days. Other data of urinalysis were normal. Histopathological examination of the renal tissue revealed cloudy swelling of the renal epithelium, cystic dilatation of some renal tubules and intratubular hyaline casts in all animals of the first four groups in each experiment. Also there were small focal areas of coagulative necrosis and intratubular cellular casts in the renal tissue in animals ieceived the diugs for 21 and 28 days, specially animals ieceived gentamicin or kanarnycin. I.. Conclusion - The changes or side effects occurred in the kidney function and kidney tissue due to administeration of these antibiotics were severe by using kanamycin, moderate by using gentamicin and mild by using streptomycin. - The arninoglycoside antibiotics affect blood picture and kidney, tissue and function at different degree. - The toxic effects of these drugs disappeared after 21 days from stopping therapy, while these changes directly increased by increasing the time (course) of treatment. - Determination of blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine should be done during the prolonged therapy by these antibiotics to monitore their harmful effect on the kidney. - These drugs must not be used in animals suffering from severe dehydration or renal failure.