الفهرس 
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Abstract
A. Imparting stain-removal ability to viscose fabrics by nano titanium as follows:
o It has been found that titanium isopropoxide concentration (5%) in the treatment bath. , Curing temp. 140 °C for 3 min.,hydrothermal time 5 min at 100 °C and sunlight exposure 5 h are
considered the optimum conditions to gives the highest stainremoval ability.
o Viscose fabrics treated with 1% pU, pVpO or pVp solutions and cured at 120 °C for 5min., then aftertreated with TiO2 at optimum reaction conditions. The aforementioned conditions affirm
optimum permanent fixation of the polymer to the fabric surface.
o Viscose fabrics were treated with polyvinylpyrrolidone,polyurethane or polyvinylpyridine by dip-pad-dry-cure
technique after or before treatment with titanium nano sol at their optimum reaction conditions. Stain removals (%) from the coated fabrics were evaluated after a number of washing cycles
(0, 25, and 50). Results of this study demonstrate that coating of viscose fabrics with pU, pVpO or pVp initially, followed by treatment with nano titanium sol results in superior stain removal behaviour.
o Viscose fabrics coated with the three aforementioned polymers and treated with nano titanium sol were subjected to 20 washing
cycles, and the amount of the absorbed titanium was leached and measured. The data reveal that, the polymers (pU, pVpO or pVp) are not only acting as an attracting layer for the nano titania, but also act as a chelating agent.
o from the X-ray data and according to Scherrer’s equation the average particle diameter was found to be 3-5 nm in anatase form.
o Treatment of viscose with titanium nano sol resulted in a decrease in its tensile strength. This is due to the effect of the photocatalytic decomposition of the cellulosic chains induced by
the titanium nanoparticles after sunlight exposure. While the tensile strength of viscose fabric pretreated with polymers first and aftertreated with titanium nano sol showed less reduction in tensile strength. This could be attributed to the capability of the polymers to form a protective layer against the direct effect of
the oxidative species, produced by titanium nano sol on cellulosic polymer chains.
o In all cases the wettability of the coated fabrics was increased in comparison with the untreated fabric, which could be attributed to change in surface polarity and roughness.
B. Imparting antimicrobial ability to viscose fabrics by nano zinc as follows:
o Viscose fabrics treated with different polymers (polyurethane,polyvinylpyrrolidone and polyvinylpyridine) at different concentrations and after treated with zinc nano sol, were
challenged to kill bacteria.
o Neither untreated nor treated viscose fabrics with polymers only do exhibit marked resistance to the bacterial growth. On the other hand, treatment of viscose fabrics with nano zinc oxide
results in superior reduction in the bacterial growth regardless of the bacteria type. The dominant mechanisms of such bacterial
resistance are found to be either or both of chemical interactions between hydrogen peroxide and the bacteria membrane proteins, and/or the chemical interactions between other unknown chemical species generated due to the presence of zinc oxide nanoparticles with the bacteria lipid bilayer.
o Complete bacterial reduction could be attained using pU, pVp or pVpO polymers at 1% concentration. The higher ability of polyurethane and polyvinylpyrilidone in bacterial reduction
could be attributed to their higher nitrogen content in comparison with poly polyvinyl pyridine.
o The relatively high amount of zinc oxide absorbed by polyvinylpyrrolidone could be attributed to the contribution of the oxygen atom of the pyrilidone ring in attraction of nano zinc
oxide.
o The higher concentrations of the polymers used lead to decrease in the percentage of bacterial reduction. This could be due to the aggregation of the nano zinc oxide on the polymer surface, and
losing the advantage of the nano size.
o In order to investigate the capability of the treated viscose fabrics to resist the bacterial growth after washing. Viscose fabrics
treated with 1% pU, pVpO or pVp solution followed by treatment with nano ZnO were subjected to 30 washing cycles. Was exhibit
superior reduction in the bacterial growth, in comparison with those fabrics treated only with nano zincl oxide. Such trend could be attributed to high fixation of the nano zinc oxide on the fabrics
treated with the polymer binders.
o It was found that the used polymers (polyurethane, polyvinylpyrrolidone or polyvinylpyridine) are not acting only as
an attracting layer for the nano zinc, but also as fixative agents.
o Despite the lower ability of pVp to attract zinc oxide in comparison with the other two polymers, it shows minimal loss in nano zinc oxide after washing. This observation indicates the
ability of the pyridinium ring to form stable and strong interaction with nano zinc oxide.
o The average grain size of the prepared zinc nano particles was 42±11 nm as calculated by scherrer’s equation in X-ray diffraction pattern.
o The tensile strength of viscose fabric coated with zinc nano sol is proved to be increased; the increasing of tensile strength properties of viscose coated fabrics may be attributed to the
deposition of zinc nanoparticles and polymers on the fibers.
o The wettability of the coated fabrics was increased in comparison with the untreated fabric, which could be attributed to change in surface polarity and roughness.
C. production of quality sportswear and their functional properties :
o Six designs of sportswear were performed with their quality sheets and analysis in all stages of product manufacturing was carried out. from selecting design, making pattern and marker,
cutting, sewing with introducing different qualified seams, introducing sizes (small, large, x-large, xx-large and xxx-large), all used items (fabrics, lining, threads, trimming, zippers, ribbons, elastics....etc.) finally to packaging stage.
o Functional properties of each product are introduced in relation to quality and comfort of the end user.
o During playing, movement, walking or practicing different sports, the body sweat and microbes tend to be accumulated causing
yellowing and bad odours in pants, under arm and in different parts in the garment.
o Smart apparel treated with zinc nano particles prevents accumulation of microbes that caused yellowing and bad odours.
o Nano titanium coated fabrics make qualified clothing discard stains or yellowing under few hours of sunlight exposure. Makes different sportswear clean and fresh even in damp and dirty environment.
o This quality apparel becomes ideal to be worn in walking, biking,squash, tennis and many different light sports.
o By achieving high level of nano metals chelation, machine washable smart sportswear is obtained as quality products.