الفهرس 
Spinal anesthesiaOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Intrathecal opioid administration has been demonstrated to provide effective post-operative analgesia after a variety of surgical procedures at the cost of increased risk of respiratory depression. Tramadol, an opioid agonist is known to provide adequate analgesia with less respiratory depression. Animal studies have confirmed the analgesic effect of intrathecally administered tramadol but human studies establishing its efficacy are still lacking. The present study was carried out to evaluate and study clinically the efficacy in terms of duration of action and side effects of tramadol 10 mg when given intrathecally with 0.5% bupivacaine in numbers of lower abdominal surgeries.