الفهرس 
Anatomy of cerebral white matterOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was
used to test whether brain activation was detectable in regions
previously associated with cocaine cue-induced
craving. METHOD: Blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD)
functional activation was measured during presentation of
audiovisual stimuli containing alternating intervals of drug-related
and neutral scenes to six male subjects with a history of crack
cocaine use and six male comparison
subjects. RESULTS: Significant activation was detected in the
anterior cingulate and left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in the
cocaine-using group. In addition, a correlation between selfreported
levels of craving and activation in these regions was
found.CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that functional MRI
may be a useful tool to study the neurobiological basis of cueinduced
craving. (Am J Psychiatry ١٩٩٨; ١٥٥:١٢٤–١٢٦)
Although the role of craving in subsequent drug taking continues
to be debated, craving is nevertheless an important measurable
component of drug abuse whose neurobiological basis remains an
enigma (١). Recently, functional neuroimaging methods have
been used to identify brain structures that may mediate cueinduced
craving. Using [١٨F]fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron
emission tomography (PET), Grant et al. (٢) demonstrated
metabolic increases in a number of brain regions, including the
dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and medial temporal lobes, in
cocaine users after exposure to cocaine-related cues. In a
preliminary study, Childress et al. (٣) used PET with oxygen-١٥-
labeled water to demonstrate significant increases in blood flow in
the amygdala, anterior cingulate, and temporal poles of cocaine
users after they viewed videotapes containing cocaine-related
cues.
Echo planar functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) based
on blood oxygenation level dependent contrast is an alternative
method for the measurement of brain activation in response to
stimuli, providing high spatial and temporal resolution without
radioactive tracers (٤, ٥). Unlike kinetic parameters estimated
with PET, the blood oxygenation level dependent signal does not
have a direct physiological significance but, rather, is related to
changes in local blood flow and deoxyhemoglobin levels
subsequent to neuronal activation (٤, ٥). In this study, we
evaluated whether cocaine cue-induced regional cerebral
activation previously detected with PET (٢, ٣) is also detectable
with blood oxygenation level dependent functional MRI.