الفهرس 
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Abstract
The role of some viral etiologies of nephropathy was investigated using RT-PCR. The results revealed that the proportion of IBV, AI-H9, AI-H5 and VND were 72.8%, 24.7%, 18.5%, 11.1% respectively from the total collected samples. Out of eight isolated IBV strains, three isolates were found to be mostly related to 6/82 classical strain by partial S1 gene sequencing and the other five were mostly related to IS/1494/06 variant II strain isolated in Israel. Using two IBV isolates as challenging viruses; one of them representing 6/82 classical strain and the other representing IS/1494/06 variant II strain, 18 different vaccination programs of different commercial available IB vaccines in Egypt were evaluated. The results indicated that priming with IB primer vaccine at one day old followed by 4/91 two weeks later gave the highest protection percent as assessed by ciliary activity (using scanning electron microscope), virus detection in tissue by RRT-PCR, gross and histopathological lesion score of trachea and kidneys.