الفهرس 
Epidemiology, Etiology and Pathogenesis of Urinary stone disease in paediatricOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Paediatric stone disease is an important clinical problem
in paediatric urology practice. Because of its recurrent nature,
every effort should be made to discover the underlying
metabolic abnormality so that it can be treated appropriately.
Paediatric stone disease has its own unique features, which are
different in both presentation and treatment compared to stone
disease in adults. Most paediatric stones are located in the
upper urinary tract. However, bladder stones are usually
ammonium acid urate and uric acid stones, strongly
implicating dietary factors.
Presentation tends to be age-dependent, with symptoms
such as flank pain and haematuria being more common in
older children. Non-specific symptoms (e.g. irritability,
vomiting) are common in very young children. Haematuria,
usually gross, occurring with or without pain, is less common
in children. However, microscopic haematuria may be the sole
indicator and is more common in children. In some cases,
urinary infection may be the only finding leading to
radiological imaging in which a stone is identified
Generally, ultrasonography should be used as a first
study. Many radiolucent stones can be identified with a simple
abdominal flat-plate examination. If no stone is found but
symptoms persist, spiral CT scanning is indicated. The most
sensitive test for identifying stones in the urinary system is
non-contrast helical CT scanning. It is safe and rapid, with
97% sensitivity and 96% specificity.
Every child with urinary stone should be given a
complete metabolic evaluation which includes:
Family and patient history of metabolic problems.
Analysis of stone composition (following stone analysis,
metabolic evaluation can be modified according to the
specific stone type).