الفهرس 
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Abstract
In this work, esterification of waste fatty acids from vegetable oil and tallow industry with
glycerol and production of mono, di, and triglycerides was carried out. Monoglycerides and
diglycerides are very important and they are used as modifying agents in food and
pharmaceutical industries. Also, triglycerides which contain one type of fatty acid (nonmixed)
are used in pharmaceutical industries. The present study investigates the optimum
conditions for the production of mono, di, and triglyceride by catalytic esterification of free
fatty acids using ZnCl2 as a catalyst. The effect of temperature (180 to 260°C), concentrations
of ZnCl2 (0.1, 0.2, 0.3%), glycerol to fatty acid molar ratio (1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 3:1), degree of
agitation (200, 500, 1000 rpm), and degree of vacuum (5, 100, 200, 400 mbar) and
atmospheric pressure (1000mbar) on the efficiency of the esterification of fatty with glycerol
acid were studied.
The optimum conditions of esterification were found to be 195°C, 1:1molar ratio, 0.3% ZnCl2,
500 rpm and 200 mbar to achieve esterification of up to 99% of free fatty acids. The thin layer
chromatograph analysis proved that the final product mixture was containing mono, di, and
triglycerides. Finally a complete process design and simulation was performed using aspen
hysis2006. The simulation results showed that the fatty acids ester produced in the bottom of
final distillate was found to be 96% by mass of the bottom product of the distillated tower
while the glycerol produced in the top of final distillate was found to be 73% of the top
product of the distillated tower.