الفهرس 
Introduction
Definition and IncidenceOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
We can conclude that owing to its non invasive nature and low cost, hysterosalpingography (HSG) is widely used as a first line diagnostic tool to assess the patency of the fallopian tubes and uterine anomalies in the routine fertility workup. However, normal HSG does not mean totally normal tubes and uterine cavity. Direct visualization of the uterine cavity and pelvis using hysteroscopy and laparoscopy reveals abnormalities in a substantial proportion of cases diagnosed as normal by HSG.
Laparoscopy is usually performed after HSG in cases of either abnormal or normal radiographic result. The common policy during an infertility workup is to perform laparoscopy shortly after HSG when findings are abnormal and to wait approximately 6 months or more when HSG reveals normal findings because HSG might induce pregnancies. The reported rate of live births after HSG is 20.4%, 19.4%, and 21.8% depending on the contrast medium used (water-soluble, oil-soluble, or a combination of both, respectively.
A laprascopic findings suggesting a PCO need further hormonal assessment for final diagnosis because those women were previously examined by vaginal ultrasound and the sonographer didn’t diagnose them as cases of PCO.
In coclusion, there is a great benefit of doing laparoscopy in couples who did not conceive after doing HSG and conception rate after laparoscopy in these patients need further evaluation.