الفهرس 
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Abstract
catheterization defined as a combined haemodynamic and angiocardiographic procedure under-taken for diagnostic purposes. Cournaned , A. (1975) stated that cardiac catheterization was first performed by Cluad Bernard (1844), the subject was a harse, both right and left ventricles were entered by a retrograde approach from the fugular vein and carotid artery. An area of investigation of cardiovascular physiology in animals then fallowed by many important techniques and principles (Pressure manometery the fick cardiac out put method) which awaited direct application to the patient with heart disease Although others had previously passed catheters into great vessels, (Frossman , W. 1929) is generally credited with being the first person to pass a catheter into the heart of a living person him-self. At age 25 years while receiving clinical instruction in surgery at Eberswold, near Barlin , he passed a catheter 65. cm through one of his left anticubital veins, guiding it by flouroscopy until it entered his right atrium.
He then walked to radiology department, (which was an different level, requiring that he climbs stairs), where the catheter position was decumented bS’ a chest roentgenogram. During the next two years Frossman , W. (1929). Continued to perform catheterization studies, including six affional attempts to catheterize himself Klein , (1930). Reported 11 right heart catheterization measured at wedge position was a good estimate of pulmonary venous and left atrial pressure.
McMicheal , 3. et al., (1944) stated that catheterization was to investigate problems in cardiovascular physiology, Dextere, L. (1947) reported his studies on congenital heart disease, went than predecessors by passing the catheter to pulmonary artery and in addition he mentioned some observations on “the oxygen saturation” and source of pulmonary capillary blood” obtained from the pulmonary artery “wedge position”. Further development came rapidly to touch briefly on some of highlights retrograde left heart catheterization which was first introduced by Zemmerman , et al. (1950) perteutaneaus technique developed by Seldinger, (1953) who was applied to cardiac catheterization of both right and left heart chambers for measurement of cardiac output using Fick principles. Ross and Copey (1959) were the first who introduced the transeptal catheterization and quickly became accepted as a standard technique. Selective coronary arteriography was introduced by Somes, et al. (1959).This technique was modified for a, percutaneous approach by Ricketts ad Abram, (1962) and Judkins, (1967). Wivan and Ganze, (1970) were introduced a practical balloon tipped flow guided catheter technique making possible the applicability of catheterization outside the catheterization laboratory.