الفهرس 
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Abstract
The marine upper Paleocene to lower Eocene sedimentary
sequence along Nile Valley (Egypt) is recorded and described in
three surface sections: Taramsa, Nag El Quda and Qreiya sections. A
total of 156 samples were examined with respect to quantitative and
qualitative analyses of the planktonic and benthic foraminiferal
assemblages.
The qualitative study of planktonic foraminifera distinguishes
two Paleocene biozones (P4, P5) and six Early Eocene (E-1, E-2, E-
3, E-4, E-5, E-6). The analysis of quantitative distribution patterns of
benthic foraminifera allows the reconstruction of the
paleoenvironment settings in the studied area. The disappearance or
scarce appearance of deeper-water benthic foraminifera(Angulogavelinella avnimelechi, Gavelinella rubiginosus) and
increasing dominance of shallow-marine taxa (Buliminides,
Loxostomoides applinae) indicate the deposition in shallow water
environments. The species of Mid-Way Type fauna (MWF) are
dominateD the assemblages of the studied area; the species of
Velasco-Type Fauna (VTF) are very rare.
Benthic foraminiferal extinction event (BEE) in all the
studied sections, lies in the lowermost part of Esna Formation, as
indicated by the disappearance of Angulogavelinella avnimelechi.
The extinction of A. avnimelechi would appear to be a good
alternative marker for the BEE in the Tethyan realmThe Paleocene/Eocene boundary was considered the greatest
turnover in the taxonomic composition of deep-water benthic
foraminifera during the last 80 million years (Kaminski et al., 1996)
of Earth history. This boundary is marked by major global climatic
and environmental changes, defined the Paleocene\Eocene Thermal
Maximum (PETM) which was firstly named Late Paleocene
Thermal Maximum (LPTM; Zachos et al., 1993), recently named
Initial Eocene Thermal Maximum (Schmitz & Pujalte, 2003; Alegret
et al., 2005; Alegret & Ortiz, 2007; White & Schiebout 2008). The
deep and surface ocean warmed by ~ 4 or 8 ºC, respectively
(Bralower, 2002). At both high and low latitudes this warm event is
associated with a distingushed short-term negative δ13C excursion
(Kennet and Stott 1991; Bralower et al. 1995; Lu and Keller 1993;
Thomas & Shokleton 1996; Basins et al. 1999). The extinction of35% to 50 % of deep-sea benthic foraminiferal species was recorded
(Tjalsma & Lohman 1983; Thomas 1990a). The discovery of
transient global warming events in the greenhouse world of the
Eocene (Kennett and Stott, 1991; Thomas et al., 2000; Cramer et al.,
2003; Lourens et al., 2005; Röhl et al., 2005; Nicolo et al., 2007;
Agnini et al., 2009; Westerhold et al., 2011) is important because
these events can provide a detailed information about the nature ofclimate and carbon cycle (Zachos et al., 2008; Zeebe et al., 2009).
The Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum is characterized by a
negative carbon isotope excursion (CIE) in sedimentary components
of 2.5–8‰, depending on analyzed substrate, location and
completeness of the section (Kennett and Stott, 1991; Koch et al.,
1992; Schouten et al., 2007b; Sluijs et al., 2011).
In the Early Tertiary, Egypt was located at the southern
margin of Tethyan seaway; the sedimentation rates within this area
were high. The stable shelf of Egypt (pre rift) (Said, 1962) is a
perfect region to study the marine biological changes during the Late
Cretaceous–Early Eocene (e.g. LeRoy, 1953; Said & Kenawy, 1956;
Luning, 1997; Speijer & Schmitz, 1998; Perch-Nielsen et al., 1998,
Schnack, 2000 ; Speijer et al ., 1996 a, b, 1998, 2000; El Dawy,
2001; Tantawy et al., 2001; Speijer & Morsi, 2002; Tantawy, 2003;Youssef, 2003; Youssef, 2009b, Sprong et al., 2009; Sprong et al.,
2011, 2012).
The Dababiya section; located at ~ 30 km south of Luxor on the
eastern side of the Nile Valley, Egypt; was chosen as the Global
Standard Stratotype-Section and Point (GSSPs) for the
Paleocene/Eocene boundary (Aubry et al. 2002; Dupuis et al. 2003;
Aubry et al., 2007; Berggern et al., 2012). The Dababiya area was
declared as natural protected area with the Egyptian Prime Minister
Decision No. 109 at 2007.The main goals of the present study:
1) To describe the litho, and biostratigraphy of the upper
Paleocene to lower Eocene sequence at three sections:
Taramsa section, Gabal Qreiya section and Gabal Nag El
Quda section along Nile Valley and Eastern Desert.
2) To study the climatic and environmental changes associated
with the PETM, in these sections.
3) To analyze foraminifera qualitatively and quantitatively
analysis of foraminifera in the three studied sections during
the studied interval.