الفهرس 
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Abstract
Women meet various kinds of symptoms during
menopause, it may include physical and psychological changes,
osteoporosis is the major health problem in this phase in addition
to CVD. This research aimed to investigate whether consumption
of soybeans are useful or harmful on reproductive hormones,
bone health, serum insulin and glucose, lipid profile, pituitary
thyroid axis and pituitary adrenal axis in OVX female albino rats.
A total of 150 female Wister albino rats having an average
weight of 140-150 gm were used. They were divided into three
control and six treated groups. The three control groups were:
normal control, sham operated control (positive control) and
OVX control (negative control), each group consisted of 20
animals. The treated groups, 15 animals each, received cooked or
uncooked soybeans with three doses (30, 60, 90 gm/70kg human
b.w.) (i.e. 60, 120, 190 mg/145 gm rat b.w.) daily then they were
left on AIN-93M diet and fresh water ad libitum for three
months.
Under general anesthesia, OVX was performed by ligation
and excision of both ovaries. The sham-operated rats were treated in a similar way, but only the ovaries and oviduct were
manipulated.
AIN-93M is the diet for rodents recommended by the
American Institute of Nutrition. It is formulated for maintenance
of adult rodents. It’s used as the standard basal diet in nutritional
experiments.
Commercial soybean seeds (type: Giza 22) purchased from
Agriculture Research Center, Giza, Egypt were used in the
present study because it’s the common soybean used in the
manufacture of most soy foods present in local markets.
Effect of different doses of cooked soybean on serum
reproductive hormones, uterus and vagina of OVX female
albino rats treated for three months.
Compared to OVX-control group, OVX female rats fed on
30, 60 and 90 gm cooked soybean/70 kg human b.w. showed
slight increase of serum total E2 with (36.66%, 44.57% and
45.45%) respectively. Whereas, insignificant reduction of serum
progesterone, FSH and LH were observed in OVX female rats of
the same groups with (-20.67%, -22.13% and -24.84%) for
progesterone, (-20.11%, -21.64% and -23.06%) for FSH and
(-21.83%, -24.01% and -30.56%) for LH respectively. However, cooked soybeans had no effect on uterine weight. Yet,
histological results showed that cooked soybean induced
hyperplasia, oedema and atrophy of the uterus as well as the
vagina.
Effect of different doses of uncooked soybean on serum
reproductive hormones, uterus and vagina of OVX female
albino rats treated for three months.
Compared to OVX-control group, OVX female rats fed on
30 and 60 gm uncooked soybean/70 kg human b.w. showed
slight increase of serum total E2 with (55.43% and 40.47%)
respectively as well as a slight decrease of total E2 in OVX
female rats fed only on 90 gm uncooked soybean/70 kg human
b.w. with (-17.6%). Serum progesterone in OVX female rats fed
on 30, 60 and 90 gm uncooked soybean/70 kg human b.w.
showed insignificant decrease with (-24.63%, -21.92% and
-21.29%) respectively. Whereas, insignificant elevation of serum
FSH and LH were observed in OVX female rats fed only on 90
gm uncooked soybean/70 kg human b.w. with (11.69% and
19.05%) respectively. However, uncooked soybeans had no
effect on uterine weight. Yet, histological results showed that
uncooked soybean caused hyperplasia, oedema and hypertrophy
of the uterus as well as the vagina. Effect of different doses of cooked soybean on femur bone
weight, femur bone Ca++, serum Ca++ and serum PTH of
OVX female albino rats treated for three months.
Compared to OVX-control group, OVX female rats fed on
30, 60 and 90 gm cooked soybean/70 kg human b.w. showed
significant increase of femur bone weight with (22.22%, 25.93%
and 25.93%), femur bone Ca++ with (20.63%, 47.38% and 86%)
and serum Ca++ with (33.85%, 57.09% and 59.24%) respectively.
This was accompanied by a significant decrease in PTH in OVX
female rats fed only on 90 gm cooked soybean/70 kg human b.w.
with (-22.45%).
Effect of different doses of uncooked soybean on femur bone
weight, femur bone Ca++, serum Ca++ and serum PTH of
OVX female albino rats treated for three months.
Compared to OVX-control group, OVX female rats fed on
30, 60 and 90 gm uncooked soybean/70 kg human b.w. showed
significant increase of femur bone weight with (22.22%, 18.52%
and 14.81) respectively. Femur bone Ca++ and serum Ca++ in
OVX female rats fed only on 30 gm uncooked soybean/70 kg
human b.w. showed significant increase with (14.38% and 9.29%)
respectively. This was accompanied by a significant decrease in
PTH in OVX female rats of the same group with (-19.55%). Effect of different doses of cooked soybean on serum glucose
and insulin of OVX female albino rats treated for three
months.
Compared to OVX-control group, OVX female rats fed on
30, 60 and 90 gm cooked soybean/70 kg human b.w. showed a
significant decrease of serum glucose with (-17.67%, -31.71%
and -34.72%) respectively. Whereas, significant reduction of
serum insulin was observed in OVX female rats fed on 60 and 90
gm cooked soybean/70 kg human b.w. with (-50.61% and
-76.97%) respectively.
Effect of different doses of uncooked soybean on serum
glucose and insulin of OVX female albino rats treated for
three months.
Compared to OVX-control group, OVX female rats fed on
30, 60 and 90 gm uncooked soybean/70 kg human b.w. showed a
significant decrease of serum glucose with (-15.94%, -20.08%
and -28.28%) respectively. Whereas, significant reduction of
serum insulin was observed in OVX female rats fed on 60 and 90
gm uncooked soybean/70 kg human b.w. with (-49.09% and
-67.27%) respectively. Effect of different doses of cooked soybean on serum lipid
profile and body weight gain of OVX female albino rats
treated for three months.
Compared to OVX-control group, OVX female rats fed on
30, 60 and 90 gm cooked soybean/70 kg human b.w. showed
significant decrease of serum TL , TC, TG and LDL-C with
(-1.8%, -3.7% and -5.21%) for TL, (-4.56%, -11.76% and
-17.95%) for TC, (-11.57%, -22.14% and -32.18%) for TG and
(-11.74%, -32.81% and -56.32%) for LDL-C respectively. This
was accompanied by significant increase of HDL-C in OVX
female rats fed on 60 and 90 gm cooked soybean/70 kg human
b.w. with (16.26% and 31.12%) respectively. Body weight gain
in OVX female rats fed only on 90 gm cooked soybean/70 kg
human b.w. showed a significant decrease with (-19.63%).
Effect of different doses of uncooked soybean on serum lipid
profile and body weight gain of OVX female albino rats
treated for three months.
Compared to OVX-control group, OVX female rats fed on
30, 60 and 90 gm uncooked soybean/70 kg human b.w. showed
significant decrease of serum TL, TC, TG and LDL-C with
(-1.37%, -2.98 % and -4.75%) for TL, (-4.13%, -10.62% and
-18.68%) for TC, (- 9.56%, -19.53% and -29.49%) for TG and (-10.11%, -32.98% and -57.47%) for LDL-C respectively. This
was accompanied by significant increase of HDL-C in OVX
female rats fed on 60 and 90 gm uncooked soybean/70 kg human
b.w. with (18.25% and 29.31%) respectively. Body weight gain
in OVX female rats fed only on 90 gm uncooked soybean/70 kg
human b.w. showed a significant decrease with (-11.79%).
Effect of different doses of cooked soybean on pituitary
thyroid axis of OVX female albino rats treated for three
months.
Compared to OVX-control group, OVX female rats fed
only on 90 gm cooked soybean/70 kg human b.w. showed
significant decrease of serum FT3 and FT4 with (-20.18% and
-9.8%) respectively. This was accompanied by a significant
increase of serum levels of TSH in OVX female rats of the same
group with (50%). However, cooked soybeans had no effect on
serum total T3 and T4.
Effect of different doses of uncooked soybean on pituitary
thyroid axis of OVX female albino rats treated for three
months.
Compared to OVX-control group, OVX female rats fed on
60 and 90 gm uncooked soybean/70 kg human b.w. showed significant decrease of FT3 with (-23.09% and -34.53%)
respectively. Serum FT4 significantly decreased in OVX female
rats fed only on 90 gm uncooked soybean / 70 kg human b.w.
with (-18.3 %). This was accompanied by a significant increase
of TSH in OVX female rats of the same group with (61.11%).
However, uncooked soybeans had no effect on serum total T3 and
T4. In addition, uncooked soybean caused atrophy and
obliteration in thyroid follicles.
Effect of different doses of cooked soybean on serum
corticosterone and adrenal gland of OVX female albino rats
treated for three months.
Compared to OVX-control group, OVX female rats fed on
30, 60 and 90 gm cooked soybean/70 kg human b.w. showed a
significant decrease of serum corticosterone with (-23.46%,
-24.08% and -29.51%) respectively. This was accompanied by
a significant increase of adrenal weight in OVX female rats of
the same groups with (14.29%, 17.86% and 21.43%) respectively.
Also, cooked soybean caused vacuolization in the cells of ZG,
ZF and ZR and dilatation of the sinusoids of ZR. Effect of different doses of uncooked soybean on serum
corticosterone and adrenal gland of OVX female albino rats
treated for three months.
Compared to OVX-control group, OVX female rats fed on
30 and 60 gm uncooked soybean/70 kg human b.w. showed
a significant decrease of serum corticosterone with (-27.72% and
-23.28%) respectively. This was accompanied by a significant
increase of adrenal weight in OVX female rats of the same
groups with (21.43% and 17.86%) respectively. Also, uncooked
soybean caused vacuolization, necrosis and fat vacuoles in the
cells of ZG, ZF and ZR.
from the present study we recommend Food and
Agriculture Organization (FAO) to reconsider the beneficial of
soybeans in our daily food since it was found to have adverse
effects on bone health, insulin, pituitary thyroid axis and pituitary
adrenal axis but it has favorable effects on body weight gain,
lipid profile and glucose could not compensate with its bad
aspects. However, no effects were detected on female
reproductive hormones.