الفهرس 
المقدمةيوجد فقط 14 صفحة متاحة للعرض العام
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المستخلص
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SUlVll\/lARY AND CONCLUSIONS
The agricultural sector plays an important role in the
Egyptian national economy.Besides, it introduces input for the
other sectors, and the share of agricultural exports repesented
about (17.8 0/0)from the annual average of the total value of
national Egyptian exports through the period (1985 -1989). The
value of exports of crops; cotton, rice, pea nut, potatoes, onion,
orange, matrickarie and marjaram represented about( 10.8%) ,
(0.49 %) ,(0.05%), (1.03%), (0.4%), (2.37%), (0.21%), (0.07%)
from the annual average of the total value of the national exports.
The value of exports of these crops represented about (59.2%) ,
(2.6%), (0.26%), (5.8%), (2.2%), (13.2%) ,(1.14%) ,(0.36%)
from the annual average of the total value of agricultural exports
through the same period, respectively. The cultivated area of
these previous crops, represented about (8.96%), (8.26%) ,
(0.24%), (1.61%), (3.62%), (1.720/0),(0.07%), (0.001%) ,from
the annaul average of cropping area which amount to about
(lI458.2)thousand feddans through the same period respectively
These areas of these crops represented about (5.73%),(4.54%),
(0.13%), (1.75%) , (0.85%), (2.29%) ,(0.085%),(0.0060/0)from
the annual average of the total added value of the agricultural
production, which amounted to (15241.2) million L.E .through
the same period, respectively.
The problem of this study results from increasing shortage
in both Egyptian national balance of trade and agricultural
commercial balance.That happened because we depend on
expanding in exporting field crops such as ; cotton ,rice and pea
nut more than the horticultural crops.Although we can obtain net
value from exporting the horticultural crops more than the net
value from the field crops .This advantage can decrease the
shortage of both national and agricultural balances .
The aim of the study is to focus on some economical sides;”
production,costs, profitability and consumption for these crops ”
and also recognizing foreign trade indicators for both field and
horticultural Egyptian exports crops in the world levels. The study
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also applied some economical measurments to measure a compartive
advantage of horticulture crops compared with field crops,
on both local and world levels.
The study depends on descriptive and econometric analysis
methods-especially which related to estimate simple and multiple
regression-as well as some economical measurements for measu -
ring comparative advantages.
The study includes six chapters.The first chapter deals with
introduction. The second chapter comprises the previous studies
and its results.The third chapter comprises production and
consumption of the field and horticultural Egyptian exports
crops.The fourth chapter comprises foreign trade indicators of
these crops which have been studied, in addition to studying
foreign demand for these crops.The fifth chapter comprises
economical measurements for measuring comparative advantage.
The sixth chapter comprises exporting and marketing institutions
for these exporting crops, and studies experiments of some
countries in developing its exports.
The main conclusions of this study could be summerized
as follows:
The first chapter dealt with the introduction which contains
the problem of the study,and its objective and research methods
that have been followed .The second chapter comprises the
previous studies which are concerned with these crops.The third
chapter focus on, cultivated area, total production through the
period (1970 - 1989) in cotton, rice, pea nut and onion because
they had a decreasing significant trend at significance levels
(0.05).As for summer potatoes, Nili potatoes, orange, Matrickaria
and Marjaram they had an increasing and significant trend and
average yield per feddan.These crops had an increasing trend
except pea nut.Both cost of production and profitability had an
increasing trend, and also total consumption for these crops have
an increasing trend though the same period.
The fourth chapter comprises in its first part the total
quantity of the world exports from cotton, rice, potatoes, onion
and orange.They had an increasing and significant trend at
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significance level (0.05), through the period (1970-1989).The
total quantity of Egyptian exports from cotton, rice, pea nut, and
fresh onion had a decreasing trend.As for Egyptian exports from
potatoes, matrickaria and dry onion; they had an increasing trend
through the period (1970-1989). The statistical significance for
exports of these crops indicates the significance of all except
orange and dry onion.The real price for Egyptian unit exported
from cotton, fresh onion, dry onion, and orange had an increasing
trend .As for rice, potatoes, marjaram and pea nut, they had a
decreasing trend through the same period.And all these prices are
insignificant at significance level (0.05).
The second part of the fourth chapter comprises foreign
demand function (in both simple and multiple forms) it can be
concluded that the exported quantity of Egyptian crops is a function
of real price in the simple form .Concerning the multiple form
,the exported quantity of Egyptian crops is a function of both
real price and time .That was studied through the peried
(1970-1989).
The function in simple regression for these crops agreed
with economical logic.And from the statistical point of view it
was insignificant for potatoes, dry onion and matrickaria, but
disagreed with economical logic.The price factor agreed with
economical logic in all functions of these crops except marjaram.
The relative time factor in these functions disagreed with economical
logic for exports of orange and marjaram. Besides, all
functions in their multiple regression are significant except in
potatoes, dry onion and matrickaria.
The fifth chapter comprises measurements of comparative
advantage.
The first measurement was the profitability per feddan in a
year from alternative patterns as follows; the first, Berseem and
cotton, the fourth, wheat and summer rice, the fifth, flax and
summer rice, the seventh, wheat and pea nut, the eighth flax and
pea nut.That was done by using three methods:
a) using real local price considering both main and secondary
outputs.
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b) Real exporting price with eliminating value of Berseem and
secondary output, depending on total cost.
c)Real exporting price with eliminating value of Berseem and
secondary output, depending on only costs of imported input
such as chemical fertilizers and pesticides.
The second measurement was the ratio of return to investment
in real local price and real exporting price.
The third measurement was the irrigation requirements per
feddan.
We obtained the following results:
According to the first measurement; the pattern crops of
winter onion and summer potatoes had comparative advantage
more than all the previous patterns offield crops.Berseem and
Nili potatoes pattern achieved advantage more than the field
patterns - first, fourth and seventh - through the period (1985-
1989). The orange had more advantage than all field pattern
crops according to three methods of the first measurement
through the period (1981-1989).Martrickaria had more advantage
than all previous field patterns according to the first and the
second methods of the first measurement.And had advantage
more than the first, the fourth and seventh field patterns
according to the third method in the period (1988-1989).
Marjaram had more advantage than the frist, fifth and eighth field
patterns, according to the first method. And had advantage more
than the first, fourth and seventh field patterns according to the
second method.And had advantage more than the fourth field
patterns only according to the third method of the first
measurement in a period (1988 - 1989).
According to the second measurement -by using the real
local price - it was found out that summer potatoes, niIi potatoes
and winter onion had more advantage than cotton and rice in all
the periods (1970-1974),(1975-1979),(1980-1984) and (1985-
1989).The summer potatoes had more advantage than pea nut in
the first and second periods. The NiH potatoes had more
advantage than pea nut in the first, second and fourth periods.
Winter onion had more advantage than pea nut in the fourth
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period. The orange had more advantage than cotton and rice
through the period (1981- 1989). Matrickaria had more
advantage than all field crops, in the year (1989 - 1990).
Marjaram had more advantage than only cotton in (1989 - 1990).
By using real exporting price - according to the second
measurement - the summer potatoes and winter onion had more
advantage than all field crops through all periods, Nili potatoes
had more advantage than cotton and rice in all periods. Nili
potatoes had more advantage than pea nut in the second, third
and fourth periods . The orange had more advantage than all
field crops through the period (1981 - 1989). Matrickaria had
more advantage than cotton and rice but didn’t have
advantage over pea nut in the year ( 1989 - 1990). Marjaram
didn’t have advantage more than field crops in the year (1989 -
1990).
According to the third measurment, the groups of
vegetables, fruits, medical and aromatic crops had more
advantage in its requirements from irrigation water per feddan,
than all field crops that had been studied.
The sixth chapter comprises marketing policy indicators
for these crops. It shows the following points: there are many
controlling and supervising agencies,there is shortage in finance,
there is an interaction among different agencies that work in the
exporting and marketing fields.Most of marketing and exporting
agencies didn’t apply researching results in its exporting policies.
This chapter shows also experiments of some countries in
developing its exports such as giving exporters grants for
increasing their comparative capacities through improving their
goods, and giving them rewards for high quality of exporting
goods. These rewards represent ratio from the value of the
exported goods, eliminating production tax for exported crops
and so grant importing and exporting licences for exporters .