الفهرس 
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Abstract
Vascular anomalies are new, rapidly evolving multidisciplinary field that combines several surgical and medical specialities.
There are many different classifications of vascular anomalies. In 1982, Mulliken and Glowacki made great strides to dispel this confusion when they published a classification of vascular anomalies. There are two major categories of vascular anomalies: tumors and malformations.
Two main characteristics distinguish these two types. While hemangiomas are not usually present at birth but become apparent within the first weeks of life, vascular malformations are present at birth but may not be clinically evident. Furthermore, hemangiomas show rapid proliferation during the first two years of life, followed by a slow involution. In contrast to these characteristics, vascular malformations show proportionate growth in relation to body volume and show no signs of spontaneous involution.
Hemangiomas are sub-divided into two categories based on their clinical behavior and histology, infantile hemangiomas and congenital hemangiomas (either rapidly involuting congenital hemangiomas or non-involuting congenital hemangiomas)
Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are fast-flow vascular lesions composed of dysmorphic arterial and venous vessels connected directly to one another without an intervening capillary bed.
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Venous malformations (VMs) are slow-flow vascular malformations that are present at birth. They are nonproliferating vascular birthmarks composed of anomalous ectatic venous channels. VMs are present at birth but are not always evident.
Capillary malformations (CMs), including telangiectases and port-wine stains, are among the most common vascular malformations affecting the skin. A CM is usually noted at birth, but may initially be misdiagnosed as a bruise or erythema from birth trauma.
Lymphatic malformations (LMs) are developmental anomalies of the lymphatic system that result in abnormalities in lymphatic flow.They may be macrocystic or microcystic.
All imaging modalities including plain film radiography,ultrasound, computed tomography (CT)/CT angiography (CTA), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and angiography can provide variable degrees of diagnostic information for preprocedural planning in the workup of vascular anomalies.
Different treatment modalities have been described for hemangiomas. These have included active non intervention, steroids, embolization, surgery, laser therapy and propranolol which is on its way to revolutionize its treatment, both reducing the need to surgery and making it safer if needed.
Since vascular malformations never involute, their early treatment is not controversial. The target of an AVM embolization or surgery is the
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nidus of the lesion. Interruption of the feeders of an AVM by any means is more dangerous than the lesion itself.
Sclerotherapy has become the standard of venous malformation therapy. Surgery is reserved for a residual “devascularized” mass that is posing a cosmetic or functional concern. Laser is reserved for lesions with high surgery-related morbidity.
Though the results are still far from ideal, being limited by the depth of penetration, pulsed dye laser is still the standard remedy for capillary malformations. Surgery is indicated in selected cases with disfiguring exophytic growth.
Sclerotherapy is a minimally invasive, repeatable option with excellent results for macrocystic LMs. Surgery should be reserved only for failure of sclerotherapy of macrocystic LMs and for microcystic LMs.