الفهرس 
Chapter I : IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
In Egypt, there are many sources of pollution such as agricultural, industrial, sewage and drainage sources which discharge their water in the River Nile and cause alterations in the Ecosystem. The present study is carried out from Fum Ismailia Canal until Mustroud area of Ismailia Canal to evaluate the effect of pollution on physicochemical properties of water and some physiological aspects of tilapia fish Oreochromis niloticus. Water and fish samples were collected from four different locations of the canal as follow:
1- Sector I: Fum Ismailia Canal; unpolluted area “as control ”.
2- Sector II: Ismailia Canal at Shubra-El-Khema area. Source of industrial pollution (thermal pollution).
3- Sector III: Ismailia Canal at El-Amiria area. Source of industrial pollution (chemical pollution).
4- Sector IV: Ismailia Canal at Mstroud area. Source of industrial pollution (outlet of some petroleum companies).
The study includes:
I- Physicochemical properties of water samples:
Increased water temperature was recorded in polluted sectors during summer and winter compared to control one. pH value was significantly increased in polluted sectors in both seasons compared to control sector and the increases was significant in winter compared to that of summer.
The increase of total alkalinity was recorded in polluted sectors at summer and winter season compared to control one. Total alkalinity was significantly increased in winter compared to that of summer.
The electrical conductivity significantly increases in polluted sectors at summer and winter season compared to control one. The increases were significant in winter compared to those of summer at all polluted sectors.
Total dissolved solids significantly increased in polluted sectors at summer and winter season compared to control ones.
The highest ammonia concentration during summer and winter seasons were recorded in sector III. Ammonia concentration was significantly increased in winter season compared to that of summer season at all sectors.
Dissolved oxygen levels were significantly decreased in all polluted sectors in both seasons compared with the control level. There was significant increases of dissolved oxygen at all polluted sectors during summer compared with those of winter.
Biological oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand were significantly increased in polluted sectors compared to those of control sector.
The highest level of biological oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand were recorded in sector III in both summer and winter seasons.
Cations, such as sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium and anions, such as chloride, nitrate and sulphate were significantly increased in all polluted sectors compared to control one.
Heavy metals namely aluminum, barium, cadmium, chromium, copper, iron, manganese, and zinc were significantly high in all polluted sectors compared to control one. The high levels of heavy metals were recorded in all polluted sectors during winter compared to those of summer.
II- Blood parameters:
Hemoglobin content was significantly increased in fish at sector IV in winter compared to control one. The highest hemoglobin contents were recorded in sector II in summer and sector IV during winter season. Hemoglobin contents were significantly increased in winter season compared to those of summer season at all sectors.
Hematocrit percent was significantly increased in fish at sector II in summer and sectors II and III in winter compared to control one. The highest hematocrit percent was recorded in fish at sector II in summer and sector III in winter season.
Red blood cells were significantly increased in fish at polluted sectors in summer and winter compared to control one except at sector IV in summer. The highest red blood cells count was recorded in fish at sector II in summer and sector III in winter season. Red blood cells count was significantly increased in winter compared to that in summer in fish at sectors II, III, and IV.
Mean corpuscular volume value was significantly increased in fish at sector IV in summer and winter compared to control one. The obtained data showed that MCV values were significantly decreased in winter compared to those of summer at sectors III and IV. The minimum MCV value recorded in sector IV in summer and winter.
The minimum MCH value was recorded in sector IV in summer and sector III in winter. MCHC was significantly decreased in fish at sector III and IV in winter and the decrease was non significant in polluted sectors in summer.
White blood cells were significantly increased in fish at polluted sector at summer and winter compared to control one. The results showed that the highest white blood cells count was recorded in fish at sector IV in both seasons. White blood cells count was significantly increased in winter compared to that in summer at sector IV.
Platelets count reveled significant increases in fish at all polluted sectors compared to the control one in both summer and winter seasons. The highest platelets count was recorded in fish at sector IV in summer and sector III in winter season.
III-Biochemical parameters:
1- Serum transaminases (ALT and AST) activity:
Serum ALT activity was significantly increased in fish at all polluted sectors in both seasons compared to those of fish at the control site except sector III in summer. ALT level was significantly increased in winter compared to that in summer at all polluted sectors. The highest ALT level was recorded in sector IV in summer and winter seasons. AST level was significantly increased in fish at polluted sector in summer and winter compared to control one. The results revealed that AST level was significantly increased in winter compared to that in summer at all polluted sectors. The highest AST level was recorded in fish at sector IV in both summer and winter.
2- Kidney function (urea and creatinine):
The level of serum urea showed significant decreases in fish at sector II in summer and winter and the decreases were non significant in fish at other polluted sectors compared to those of fish at control one. The minimum level of urea was recorded in sector II in summer and winter seasons. The obtained data of serum creatinine was significantly increased in fish at all polluted sectors in both seasons compared to the level of fish at control site except sector III in summer.
3- Liver antioxidant enzymes:
The obtained data of liver antioxidant enzymes super oxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase activities were significantly decreased in fish at all polluted sectors compared to that of the fish at control one in both seasons. Liver antioxidant enzyme activities were significantly decreased in summer compared to that in winter season at all polluted sectors.
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IV-Accumulation of heavy metals in gills, liver, and muscles of fish (Oreochromis niloticus):
The concentrations of aluminum, barium, chromium, copper, iron, manganese, and zinc in the gills, liver, and muscles of Oreochromis niloticus showed significant increases in all polluted sectors during summer and winter compared with control one.
The obtained results showed that the studied heavy metals in fish organ showed highest concentrations in the gills and liver in all areas during both seasons compared with control one.