الفهرس 
Material and methodsOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
w : S~ARY AND CONCLUSION
Th~s study was conducted during two experimental
seasons of 1988 and 1989 years, in the Experimentall Station
of Groppi Farm, belonging to !hnistry of Agriculture which
located at Giza Governorate. ’I’hein-vitro ”tissue cultured”
banana plantlets of both Williams and Grand-Nain cultivars
were the plant material used in this investigation. This
work a~med to examine and evaluate banana plantlets of the
above mentioned cultivara in response to type of growing
media M7 substrate mixtures~ and two levels of U.C. nutrient
mixture MUniversal California nutrient mixtureM, both investigated
factors were studied in combination. HoweverI two
factorial experiments were conducted. both included the same
fourteen treatments (combin~ltions between 7 substrate
mixtures x 2 levels of the pol~7£eed U. C. nutrient mixture,
since adapted plantlets of Williams and Grand Nain banana
CVa ware devoted for tbe fiI’st and second experiments,
respectively. ’I’hua. the following combinations were used to
be examined with a hope for .achieving the most sui table
one/ones of them by which the optimum growth wi.th a balanced
nutritional status could be realized for both banana
cultivars.
--- . _._-_._. __..
-.--- - c __ _ _
Treatments IIcombination.sll •
175
1- Sand. The polyfeed Universal
2- Sand + peatmos3.
’)- Sand + clay. ...
4- Sand + aquastares.
5- Sand + peatmoss + clay,
6- Sand + peatmoss + 7”ermicu:~ite.
7- Peatmoss + clay.
1- Sand.
2- Sand + peatmoss.
3- Sand + clay.
4- Sand + aquastores.
5- Sand + peatmoss + clay.
6- Sand + peatmoss + vermiculite.
7- Peatmoss + clay.
California nutrient
mixture ”V.C. nut.mix.II
wa3 applied at the rate
”An, that recommended
by California Univer-
The U.C. nutrient mixture
was added to the
substrate mixture at
the rate liB”, i.e. at
1/2 strength of the
level IIAII.
In each experiment ”Williams/Grand Nain”, the above
mentioned treatmeuts were arrI’anged in a complete randomized
design. Every treatment was re~plicated four times with three
adapted plants grown individuc:111y in a Polyethylene bag per
each replicate. Meanwhile, the in-vitro banana plantlets
were adapted by remaining to grow under controlled condition
”in an incubator” for 6, 7 weeks during the first and second
experimantal season, respectively.
The obtained results could be summarized as follows :
176
V.l. Vegetative growth:
V.l.l. Feriodical growth measurements:
PseudOstem height, pseudostem diameter, number of green
developed leaves and leaf dilnensions Itlec.gth and width” were
periodically measured thre,= times, i. e. 3 months after
transplanting in pots of the differential combinations
thereafter at 2 months inte,rval for the 1st, 2nd and 3rd
measuring, respectively.
V.l.l.a} Pseudostem height ”lenoth”
Dat a obtained reveal ed tha t pseudo stem height was
greatly influenced by the dij:ferential combinations (interaction
between 7 types of media x 2 levels of nutrient
mixture). The longest pseudostem of Williams cv. was gained
when plautlets were grown edther in (sand + peatmoss +
vermiculite) or (sand + peat::noss +claY)and providing with
ItB” or ”An rates of U.C. nutrient mixture, respectively. As
for Grand-Nain (Sand + peatmoss + clay) as combined either
with ”B” or nAn levels of U.C. nut. mix. were the Superior
treatments during the III alld 2n,g experimental seasons,
respectively. The reverse was true with sand and (sand +
aquastores) when combined with the lower rate of the
polyfeed nut. mix., where the shortest pseudostem was
induced. MeanWhile the other cC:llnbinations were in between.
177
Regarding the Specific effect of growing media it is
quite evident that the response wss greatly pronounced.
where the (sand + peatmoss + clay) sUbstrate mixture ranked
first followed by the (sand + peatmoss + vermiculite) e~cept
in the second Season with Williams where the later was the
SUperior. Moreover, sand Or (sand + aquastores) came latest
while th.e oth.er grOWing media. fell in between.
Wi th regard to speciEi c effect of level of U. C.
nutrient mi:tture on PseUdostem height, however the higher
rate was more effective, but the response was less
pronounced than that of type of media.
v . .1.1. b) .f.seudostem diametelr :
ConCerning the interaction effect ”type of Planting
media x level of U.C, mix.), data obtained revealed
obviously that both combinations ”treatments” of (sand =
peabooss + clay) prOvided with the higher rate of U.C. mi:t.
and (sand + peatmoss + vermiculite) SUPPlied also with ”A”
rate were the superior for both Cultivars, however the
former one tended to be more effective with Grand-Nain ev ,
especially during seCond season. On the other hand, Sand or
(sand + aquastores) combined With the U. C. mixture
especially at the lower ”e” rate were the inferior, while
other COmbinations were in between. As for SPecific effect
of the planting media, data Obtained showed that both (sand
+ peatmoss + clay) and (sand + peabooss + verllliculita)wne
------------------ ..- -- _ ..
- - .- - - - -
- ---’-._--~
178
the superior for both cultivars, however the former one was
more effective and produced thicker pseudostem with Grand-
NOlin, especially in 2nd sea::;on.In regard to the specific
effect of U. c. mix., data obtained showed that pseudostexn
diameter Was positively responded to the level applied,
although the response was mlJre pronounced with Grand-Nain
V.1.1. c) Total number of hl;!athly leaves/plant :
Data concerning interaction effect (planting media x
level of U.C. mix.) on the number of persistent green leaves
per plant showed that combination of (sand + peatmoss +
clay) amended with U.C. mix. at higher ”A” rate was the
superior, followed by (sand + peatmoss + vermiculite)
combined either with ”A” or liE:” rate of U.C. mix and (sand +
peatmoss + clay) supplied with the lower rate of nutrient
mixture. while the combinaticlos between (sand) or (sand +
aquastores) from one hand and U.C. ~xture either at ”Att or
from the other were the inferior for Grand-Nain
c v , during both seasons and Williams ev , especially in
second seasoD..
RegardiD.g specific effec:t of planting media, it is
quite clear that both (sand + peatmoss + clay) and (saud +
peatmoss + vermiculite) were the superior grOWing media for
Grand-Nain cv. during two seaslons,but with Williams second
and first growing media wer3 the 1D.ost s-ui.table during 1st
179
and 2nd seasons, respectively. As for the specific effect of
U.C. le·”’el applied, it was quite evident that however the
higher level resulted in an increase in number of leaves per
plant especially with Williams cv. but the differences were
insignificant in most cases.
V.l.l.d} Leaf dimensions
V.l.l.d-I. Leaf length
Data obtained showed tha1: both combinations of (sand +
peatmoss + clay) and (sand + peatmoss + vermiculite) each
provided with the higher rate of U.C. nutrient mixture
resulted in the longest leat: blade for both cultivars.
However both combinations were equally effective and showed
the same response which was more pronounced at the last t ...,o
measuring dates in the first season. While in the second
season the second combinations tended to be more effective
especially with Grand-Naio cv.
As for specific effect of planting media, it is clear
that both SUbstrate mixtures of (sand + peatmoss + clay) and
(sand + pea tm.oss + vermiculite) Were the most sui tabl e
growing media
planting medi.a
and Grand-Nain
respectively.
for both cultivars. However, the second
showed a relative efficiency with Williams
ev a , during first and second seasons,
180
On the other hand, leaf blade length was positively
responded to level of tJ. C. mixture especially at the last
two measuring dates, since differences were significant with
both banana cultivars.
V.l.l.d-2. Leaf blade w~dth :
Regarding interaction effect (planting media x level
of V.C. mix.) it was clear that no specific trend for a
given combinations could be detected for all measuring dates
during both seasons with two banana cvs. But to some extent
it could be safely concluded that combinations between both
(sand + peatmoss + clay) and (sand + peatmcss + vermiculite)
from one side and two levels of V.C. mix. from the other
besides (sand + peatmoss) amnnded with ”Att rate of V.C. mix.
induced the widest leaf bladE!. Meanwhile, these comb ina tions
were alternatively differe!d from one measuring date to
another along the same season for both cultivars. On the
other hand, the narrowest blade was that of sand or (sand +
aquestores) especially as both were combined with the lower
rate of U.C. nutrient mix.
Referringto s~cific effect of plating media of tained
data revealed that both plenting media of.
(sand + peatmoss + clay) and (sand + peatmoss + vermiculite)
during both seasons as well as (sand + peatmoss) during
second season were the superior, but (sand + aquastores) was
conceru_ In
followed by planting media of sand, in this
addition, leclf blade width wa.s positively
the inferior
181
responded to the specific effect of level of U.C. m i.x.
especially at the last two MBasuring dates frum cne side,
whereas the response was more pronounced with Grand-Nain
than Williams evs. from the other.
V.l.2. Final -destructive- growth measurements
As both experiments were terminated (two weeks later)
from carrying out the last periodical growth measurement
during two seasons, the following growth measurements were
done :
V .1.2.1. Linear measurement::;of underground organs
V.l.2.1.a) Corm diameter:
As regard to interaction effect, obtained data showed
that the thickest corm was always produced by plants grown
in pots filled with both c(;)mbinationsbetween (sand +
peatmoss + clay) and (sand + peat:noss + vermiculite) from
one hand and the higher rate of ”theU.C. mixture from the
other, however, the combination of the first mixture showed
a relative tendency to be mClre effective I regardless of
cultivar. The reverse was true when plants were grown in
polyethylene bags contained sa.ndcr (sand + aquastores) as
both were providing with U.C. la.ix.at the lower rate.
With regard to specific effect of planting media, it
could be noticed clearly that beth substrate mixtures of
(sand + peatmos3 + clay) and (l;and + peatmoas + vermicu1.ite)
182
had resulted in producing thickest corm, but the former one
seemed to be more suitable. On the contrary sand and (sand +
aquastores) both were the inferior in this respect.
Meanwhile, corm diameter was positively reacted with the
level of U. C. mixture during beth seasons for both banana
cultivars.
V.l.2.1.b) Number of roots per plant:
Referring to interaction effect (planting media x level
of U.C. mix.), data obtained showed that however the trend
of response was not acutely settled, but to some extent it
could be concluded that the combination between (sand +
peatmoss + clay) and the higher rate of U.C. mixture induced
root system with an extensive fibrous branching than other,
treatments. Contrary to that the combination between (sand +
aquastores) and U.C. mix. at the lower rate was the
inferior, since it showed the most sparest roots. As for
specific effect of planting media it was worthy to be
noticed that (sand + peatmoss + clay) was the most suitable
followed by (sand + peatmoss + vermiculite), (sand +
peatmoss) (sand + clay), (peatmoss + clay) and (sand +
aquastores) or sand in a de ending order. In addition number
of roots per plant was responded positively to specific
effect of level U.C. polyfeed mixture. but the response was
less pronounced than that detected with type of planting
media.
----_ ... _- ---------
183
V.l . .2. 1. c) Root diameter ::
With regard to root diameter in response to interaction
effect, it was so clear to notice that it reacted markedly
to the different treatments, since combinations between
(sand + peattttoss + clay) and (sand + peatmoss + vermiculite)
from one side and the U.C. poly feed mixture either at higher
or lower rates from the other induced the thickest roots.
The reverse was true with sand and {sand + aquastores}
receiving U.C. mix. at ”A”/tlB’t rates. Concerning specific
effect of growing media and leYel of nutrient mixture data
obtained showed that the thickest roots were always
concomi tan t to both (sand + pleatmoss + clay) and (sand +
peatmoss + vermiculite), beside the higher rate of U.C.
mixture, however the response ’;Iraamore pronounced with the
first factor than second.
V.l.2.1.d) Root distributio~ :
Generally, it could be noticed that the root vertical
penetration was extended to far longer distance than its
horizontal orientation as the root system distribution was
concerned. However, the wide spreading root sys tem was
always concomitant to that plants grown under both
combinations of (sand + peatmcss + clay) received -A- level
of nutrient mixture and (sand + peatmcss + vermiculite)
combined also with U.C. mix. at tbe higher rate with both
cultivars. Moreover, sand and (sand + aquastores) amended
with U.C. either at higher or lo’t!l’er level were the inferior.
_., -- ----------_._---
184
Beside, other combinations WE~rein between, however th€.
(sand + pea tmoss + clay) providing the lower rate of nutrient
mi~ture was mare effective. Such trend was true either
vertical or horizontal orientations were concerned.
Referring to specific effect of growing media, it could
be conclUded that both SUbs1:rate mixtures of (sand +
peatmmoss + clay) and {sand + peatmoss + vermiculite} were
the most suitable, however fOt”mer one was more effective
than later but differences are statistically negligible. On
the other hand,
inferior.
sand or (sand + aquastores) were the
As fOr specific effect oj: level of U.C. mix. data
obtained revealed that the wider spreading roots either
vertically Or horizontally was that of plants received the
higher level of such nutrient
cultivar.
mixture, regardless of banana
V.1.2.2. Dry weight of diffentnt plant organs
V.1.2.2.1. Aboveground systElm (pseudostem + leaves) :
With regard to interaction effect, it could be safely
concluded that both combinations between (sand + peatmoss +
clay) or (sand + peatmoS3 + vermiculite) and the higher
level of U.C. mixture were tbe most effective and
statistically produced the heavi,est aerial system for both
cultivars. Moreover. (sand + peatm.osa) provid:i.X1.9 ..”i.th ftA”
185
rate of U.C. mix. and (sand + peatmoss + clay) or (sand +
~·Cc,_a·.t, -’m~ os_ s + vermiculite) both combined with U.C. mix. at the
lower rate, all ranked second,
bu t sand or (sand +
A.al1::1~t’nrp~’ ,••’•” ht”\1”’’”l were combil:ledeither with RAR/”8R rates
or U.c:. m;~. w””rF! t’hp infprinr. Rp.~ides.other cOmbinations
fell in between the aforesaid two extremes.
As for specific effect of planting media,
it was
cleared that both SUbstrate mi~~tures of (sand + peatmoss +
clay) and (sand + peatmoss + vermicUlite) were the Superior
media, followed by (sand + peatIll0SS)and (peatmoss + clay);
but sand Or (sand + aquastores) were the inferior.
Nevertheless, specific effect of applied rate of the
u. C. mixture was obviously detected, since heaviest shoot
system was statistically related to its higher level.
V.l.2.2.2. Underground system (corm + roots) dry weight:
V.1.2.2.2.a) Corm dry weight: :
Referring to interaction effect of planting media as
combined with the levels of the U. C. polyfeed mixture, it
was quite evident that both combinations of (sand + peatmoss
+ clay) or (sand + peatmoss + ~l’ermiculite)each
with the
higher RAil level of U.C. :mix. WEire statistically the most
suitable ones and produced the l:Leaviestcorm. However, the
above mentioned both combiuatioI1l:~ were of equal effect with
Williams cv., but the former was more effective t:han
186
later with Grand-Nain cv. during two seasons. The reverse
was true with both sand and (sand + aquastores) especially
as combined with the lower rate ”sn of U.C. mix., however
combination of sand was more depressive. Moreover, other
combinations ranked in between.
As for specific effect of planting media it was clear
that (sand + peatmoss + clay) was superior followed by
(sand + pea tmoss
inferior planting
+ vermiculite),
medium. Besides,
whi 1e sand was the
other growing mdia
were intermediate.
data
Regarding
obtained
specific effect the level of U.C. mix.
declared obviou~ly that the higher rate
statistically increased corm dry weight of both cultivars
than lower one with about 20-25 t.
V. 1 .2.2 .2. b} Root dry weiqht~ :
With regard to interaction E!ffect(typeof media + level
of U.C. mix.) it was quite evident that heaviest root dry
weight was always concomitant to the (sand + peatmoss +
clay) as combined with the higher level of U.C. nutrient
mixture of hoth cultivars. Thl! combinations of (sand +
peatm.oss + vermiculite) with ”A1f or nan levels of the
polyfeed mixture
187
peatmos
s
+ clay) receiving lowl~r rate of U.C. mix. liB” as
we 11 as lsand + clay) or l2, a.nd + pea tmoss } when each
amended with the higher rate of U.C. mix. a.ll came next to
the superior treatment with l:lttle interruption. However,
combinations between sand 0:””
{sand + aquastores} with
both levis of U.C. mixture were the inferior and indued
the lightest root dry weight.
In regard to specific effect of planting media it
could be noticed clearly that {sand + peatmos
s + clay}
induced. The heaviest root dry weight, followed by (sand
+ peatmoss + vermiculite) and (sand + clay) or (sand +
peatmoas) thereafter lpeatmos~~ + clay}, (sand + aquastores)
and latest sand which ranked final in a descending
order. However,
the specific effect of applied
level of
u.C. mixture waS markedly de!tected, siues the higher rate
was more effective and
st”Ltistically surpassed the lower
one for both cultivars, but the response was more
pronounced with Williams cv.
V.1. 2.2.3. Total plant d:ry weight :
With regard to interact:ion effect of (planting media x
level of U.C. nutrient mix.) on t he total plant dry
weight, data obtained disclosed clearly that the heaviest
plants in both banana cultivars were always concomitant to
the combination of (sand + peatmoss + clay) receiving U.C.
mixture at the higher rate ”A”, followed by those of {sand +
~”~---_. -
- - -’--- ---~---_._--
._---_.- - --- -~----- --
188
peatmoss + vermiculite) providing with ”A” level of U.C.
differences between both combinations
were insignif:~cant during l~it and 2nd seasons for Grand-
Nain and Williams cva. respectively. Meanwhile, the
reverse was true as both were compared with the other
combinations during both seasons regardless of banana
cultivars. On the contrary, the lightest dry weight, was
closely related to sand or (sand + aquastorees) especially
when combined with the lower ”B” rate of U.C. mixture. Other
combinations fell in between the above mentioned two
extremes with variable degrE;H~of response from one season
cultivar to another.
In regard to specific effect of type of planting
media, it was quite evident that both (sand + peatmoss+
clay) and (sand + peatmoss + vermiculite) were the most
suitable substrate mixtures used as growing media, however
the forll1er
true with
regardless
tended to be mc)re effective. The reverse was
sand alone followed
of banana cultivar.
by (sand + aquastores),
Besides, the level of
Other
U. C.
medi.a were i:c.termediate.
mixture showed an
obvious effect, since the higher rate ”A”
the lower rate during
was statistically
surpassed twe seasons of
study with both banana culti·.,.a.rs
- ._-_.. --------
189
V.2. Mineral constituents in various banana plants organ
V.2.l. Nitrogen content:
Generally, it could bE! observed that the different
plant organs (leaf, root and corm) of both banana cultivars,
were obviously varied in their nitrogen content. Yet, leaf
was the richest organ followed by root and finally corm
which ranked last, however the last twa organs were not
greatly differed in most cases.
As for the interaction effect due to the combining
between planting media and level of the U. C. nutrient
mixture on the leaf, root and cram nitrogen ccntent, it is
easy to be concluded that the combinations between (sand +
peatmoss + clay) and/or (sand + peatmoss + vermiculite} from
one side and the higher level of U.C. nutrient mixture from
the other were generally the superior and induced the
highest N% fer all plant orga.ns. Beside, the combination of
(peatmoss + clay) x higher level of the poly feed U.C.
mixture resulted in incre,asing the rate of nitrogen
accumulation, especially in the under ground organs i. e. ,
root and corm. Maanwh~le, tbe reverse was true with the
combiantions of sand and (saud + aquastores) regardless of
level of U. C. nutrient :mixtu”readded to each or the plant
organ for both cvs.
Regarding specific efftlct of planting medi.a. data
obtained revealed clearly that:the level of !It for all plant
organs was significantly affected by the type of the
1
190
substrate mixture. In spite of the substrate mi~tures of
(sand + peatmoss + clay), (sand + peatmoss + vermiculi te)
and (peatmoss + clay) were generally the superior, but the
different plant organs were Dot typically responded to the
same medium/media. Since, (sand + peatmoss + clay) or(sand +
peatmoss + vermiculite)were the Superior as leaf N% was
concerned but with roots (sand + peatmoss + clay) and (sand
+ peatmoss + vermiculite) or (peatmosa + clay) e~ceeded the
other planting media used in this respect.
While for corm N\ the (peatmoss + clay) was the
superior followed by (sand + p~~atmoss + clay).
As for the specific effect of the level U.C. nutrient
~ixture it is quite evident that N content of the different
organs was in close relationship to the rate of the poly
feed U. C. 1iU.xtureapplied, whe,re the increase was significant,
regardless of plaut ox’gaus for both cUltivars of
banana under study.
V.2.2. Phosphorus contant :
Obtained data revealed tha’t:level of phosphorus content
was varied from oue plant organ to another, since they could
be arranged intCI the following d.escending order roots, leaf
and corm which. showed the lOlll’estP%. however difference
between the fOl:”m.erorgans (relot and leaf’ was not much
pronounced.
2
191
Concerni 9 the interaction effect of the different
combinations (type of plalJ.tin9 media x level of U. C.
it could. be generally concluded that
banana cultivars exhibited the maximum P
nutrient mix
plants of bo
content as an of (sand + clay), (sand + peatmoss + clay) or
(sand + peatm ss + vermiculite) was combined with the higher
level of mixture, regardless of plant organs. The
opposite was rue with such plants grown in pots of sand or
(sand + aquas ores) received U.C. nutrient mixture either at
the lower or he higher rate.
Never the ess, 1ea f , re.et; and corm. P\ was obvious ly
influenced by the type planting medium, since (sand + clay).
(sand + peatm ss + verm.iculite) and (sand + peatm.oss + clay)
represented t e superior substrata mixture and resulted in a
significant i crease over other planting media. however the
former two mi tures were more effective in this respect.
Beside, obtained data reflected also the specific
effect of the supplied level of the polyfeed U.C. mi~ture,
where the hig er rata of the nutrient mixture significantly
increased t e phosphorus level in most plant organs,
regardless of banana cultival’.
3
- ---- --~----~---
192
V.2.3. Potassium content
Generally it could be observed that root potassium
percentage showed a relative tendency to be higher in most
cases than leaves of the same cultivar, while the lowest K%
was always ccncometent with the corm.
As for potassium ccn t en t; in three plaut organs
investigated of both banana cultivars as influenced by the
different cotnbinations (interaction effect of planting media
X level of U.C. mi~ture) obtained data showed that the
combinations between the planting media of (sand + clay),
(sand + peatmoss + clay) or (peatmoss + clay) from one hand
and the higher level of U.C. nutrient mixture, from the
other resulted significantly in most cases in an increase of
the K\ of the different plant organs. However, such trend
Was interrupted in few caSies especially with. corm. The
reverse was true with the combiantions of sand or (sand +
aquastoures) either with thl! higher or lower rate of U.C.
uutrient mixture, although the later was more depressive.
Regarding specific effe!ct of planting media, obtained
data revealed that (sand + peatlDOss + clay) and/or (saud +
clay) and (peatmoss + clajr) planting media induced the
highest level of K content ill different plant organs of both
banana eva. On the contrary l5and or (sand + aquastores) were
the inferior in this concern.
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193
Referring to the specific effect of the poly feed U.C.
mi~ture, it was clearly noticed that the appl~cation at the
higher rate of the nutrient mixture resulted significantly
in io.creas~ng K% in th.ree p;~ant organs. Such increase was
more pronounced in both leaves and rcc ca than corm,
regardless of banana cultivars during twe seasons of study.
V.3. Concluding remarks:
1- Briefly, from the aforementi.oned data it could be safely
concluded that both above and underground systems and
the~r mi.neral composition in the tissue-cultured banana
plantlets of both \l1illiaml~and Grand-Nai.n cu Ltivars were
obviously influenced by the different planting =edia as
combined with two levels CI£ the U.C. nutrient mixture.
2- However, such response tel some extent was variable from
one organ cultivar or season to another, but general
trend could be easily detected for most cases, hence
(sand + peatmoss + clay) and/or (sand + peatmoss +
vermiculite) as amended with the higher level of U.C.
nutrient mixture were the most favourable combinations by
which the greatest values of the aforesaid growth
measurements that associa-ted with a balanced levels of N,
P and K content were achieved.
- ----- ---- ----_._--------
194
3- Proportions elf the di ffareot: componants of the substrate
mi%tures used for growing the tissue-cultured, banana
plantlets, as well as others poly-feed nutrient mixtures
at various rates and methods of their application through
different st.ages of plantlets development should be
revaluated t.o acbieve better response which certaioely
will be rej;lected positively on banana growers,
especially those working in the field of producing
nursery plants. 50 further studies are needed in this
respect.