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Abstract w : S~ARY AND CONCLUSION Th~s study was conducted during two experimental seasons of 1988 and 1989 years, in the Experimentall Station of Groppi Farm, belonging to !hnistry of Agriculture which located at Giza Governorate. ’I’hein-vitro ”tissue cultured” banana plantlets of both Williams and Grand-Nain cultivars were the plant material used in this investigation. This work a~med to examine and evaluate banana plantlets of the above mentioned cultivara in response to type of growing media M7 substrate mixtures~ and two levels of U.C. nutrient mixture MUniversal California nutrient mixtureM, both investigated factors were studied in combination. HoweverI two factorial experiments were conducted. both included the same fourteen treatments (combin~ltions between 7 substrate mixtures x 2 levels of the pol~7£eed U. C. nutrient mixture, since adapted plantlets of Williams and Grand Nain banana CVa ware devoted for tbe fiI’st and second experiments, respectively. ’I’hua. the following combinations were used to be examined with a hope for .achieving the most sui table one/ones of them by which the optimum growth wi.th a balanced nutritional status could be realized for both banana cultivars. --- . _._-_._. __.. -.--- - c __ _ _ Treatments IIcombination.sll • 175 1- Sand. The polyfeed Universal 2- Sand + peatmos3. ’)- Sand + clay. ... 4- Sand + aquastares. 5- Sand + peatmoss + clay, 6- Sand + peatmoss + 7”ermicu:~ite. 7- Peatmoss + clay. 1- Sand. 2- Sand + peatmoss. 3- Sand + clay. 4- Sand + aquastores. 5- Sand + peatmoss + clay. 6- Sand + peatmoss + vermiculite. 7- Peatmoss + clay. California nutrient mixture ”V.C. nut.mix.II wa3 applied at the rate ”An, that recommended by California Univer- The U.C. nutrient mixture was added to the substrate mixture at the rate liB”, i.e. at 1/2 strength of the level IIAII. In each experiment ”Williams/Grand Nain”, the above mentioned treatmeuts were arrI’anged in a complete randomized design. Every treatment was re~plicated four times with three adapted plants grown individuc:111y in a Polyethylene bag per each replicate. Meanwhile, the in-vitro banana plantlets were adapted by remaining to grow under controlled condition ”in an incubator” for 6, 7 weeks during the first and second experimantal season, respectively. The obtained results could be summarized as follows : 176 V.l. Vegetative growth: V.l.l. Feriodical growth measurements: PseudOstem height, pseudostem diameter, number of green developed leaves and leaf dilnensions Itlec.gth and width” were periodically measured thre,= times, i. e. 3 months after transplanting in pots of the differential combinations thereafter at 2 months inte,rval for the 1st, 2nd and 3rd measuring, respectively. V.l.l.a} Pseudostem height ”lenoth” Dat a obtained reveal ed tha t pseudo stem height was greatly influenced by the dij:ferential combinations (interaction between 7 types of media x 2 levels of nutrient mixture). The longest pseudostem of Williams cv. was gained when plautlets were grown edther in (sand + peatmoss + vermiculite) or (sand + peat::noss +claY)and providing with ItB” or ”An rates of U.C. nutrient mixture, respectively. As for Grand-Nain (Sand + peatmoss + clay) as combined either with ”B” or nAn levels of U.C. nut. mix. were the Superior treatments during the III alld 2n,g experimental seasons, respectively. The reverse was true with sand and (sand + aquastores) when combined with the lower rate of the polyfeed nut. mix., where the shortest pseudostem was induced. MeanWhile the other cC:llnbinations were in between. 177 Regarding the Specific effect of growing media it is quite evident that the response wss greatly pronounced. where the (sand + peatmoss + clay) sUbstrate mixture ranked first followed by the (sand + peatmoss + vermiculite) e~cept in the second Season with Williams where the later was the SUperior. Moreover, sand Or (sand + aquastores) came latest while th.e oth.er grOWing media. fell in between. Wi th regard to speciEi c effect of level of U. C. nutrient mi:tture on PseUdostem height, however the higher rate was more effective, but the response was less pronounced than that of type of media. v . .1.1. b) .f.seudostem diametelr : ConCerning the interaction effect ”type of Planting media x level of U.C, mix.), data obtained revealed obviously that both combinations ”treatments” of (sand = peabooss + clay) prOvided with the higher rate of U.C. mi:t. and (sand + peatmoss + vermiculite) SUPPlied also with ”A” rate were the superior for both Cultivars, however the former one tended to be more effective with Grand-Nain ev , especially during seCond season. On the other hand, Sand or (sand + aquastores) combined With the U. C. mixture especially at the lower ”e” rate were the inferior, while other COmbinations were in between. As for SPecific effect of the planting media, data Obtained showed that both (sand + peatmoss + clay) and (sand + peabooss + verllliculita)wne ------------------ ..- -- _ .. - - .- - - - - - ---’-._--~ 178 the superior for both cultivars, however the former one was more effective and produced thicker pseudostem with Grand- NOlin, especially in 2nd sea::;on.In regard to the specific effect of U. c. mix., data obtained showed that pseudostexn diameter Was positively responded to the level applied, although the response was mlJre pronounced with Grand-Nain V.1.1. c) Total number of hl;!athly leaves/plant : Data concerning interaction effect (planting media x level of U.C. mix.) on the number of persistent green leaves per plant showed that combination of (sand + peatmoss + clay) amended with U.C. mix. at higher ”A” rate was the superior, followed by (sand + peatmoss + vermiculite) combined either with ”A” or liE:” rate of U.C. mix and (sand + peatmoss + clay) supplied with the lower rate of nutrient mixture. while the combinaticlos between (sand) or (sand + aquastores) from one hand and U.C. ~xture either at ”Att or from the other were the inferior for Grand-Nain c v , during both seasons and Williams ev , especially in second seasoD.. RegardiD.g specific effec:t of planting media, it is quite clear that both (sand + peatmoss + clay) and (saud + peatmoss + vermiculite) were the superior grOWing media for Grand-Nain cv. during two seaslons,but with Williams second and first growing media wer3 the 1D.ost s-ui.table during 1st 179 and 2nd seasons, respectively. As for the specific effect of U.C. le·”’el applied, it was quite evident that however the higher level resulted in an increase in number of leaves per plant especially with Williams cv. but the differences were insignificant in most cases. V.l.l.d} Leaf dimensions V.l.l.d-I. Leaf length Data obtained showed tha1: both combinations of (sand + peatmoss + clay) and (sand + peatmoss + vermiculite) each provided with the higher rate of U.C. nutrient mixture resulted in the longest leat: blade for both cultivars. However both combinations were equally effective and showed the same response which was more pronounced at the last t ...,o measuring dates in the first season. While in the second season the second combinations tended to be more effective especially with Grand-Naio cv. As for specific effect of planting media, it is clear that both SUbstrate mixtures of (sand + peatmoss + clay) and (sand + pea tm.oss + vermiculite) Were the most sui tabl e growing media planting medi.a and Grand-Nain respectively. for both cultivars. However, the second showed a relative efficiency with Williams ev a , during first and second seasons, 180 On the other hand, leaf blade length was positively responded to level of tJ. C. mixture especially at the last two measuring dates, since differences were significant with both banana cultivars. V.l.l.d-2. Leaf blade w~dth : Regarding interaction effect (planting media x level of V.C. mix.) it was clear that no specific trend for a given combinations could be detected for all measuring dates during both seasons with two banana cvs. But to some extent it could be safely concluded that combinations between both (sand + peatmoss + clay) and (sand + peatmcss + vermiculite) from one side and two levels of V.C. mix. from the other besides (sand + peatmoss) amnnded with ”Att rate of V.C. mix. induced the widest leaf bladE!. Meanwhile, these comb ina tions were alternatively differe!d from one measuring date to another along the same season for both cultivars. On the other hand, the narrowest blade was that of sand or (sand + aquestores) especially as both were combined with the lower rate of U.C. nutrient mix. Referringto s~cific effect of plating media of tained data revealed that both plenting media of. (sand + peatmoss + clay) and (sand + peatmoss + vermiculite) during both seasons as well as (sand + peatmoss) during second season were the superior, but (sand + aquastores) was conceru_ In followed by planting media of sand, in this addition, leclf blade width wa.s positively the inferior 181 responded to the specific effect of level of U.C. m i.x. especially at the last two MBasuring dates frum cne side, whereas the response was more pronounced with Grand-Nain than Williams evs. from the other. V.l.2. Final -destructive- growth measurements As both experiments were terminated (two weeks later) from carrying out the last periodical growth measurement during two seasons, the following growth measurements were done : V .1.2.1. Linear measurement::;of underground organs V.l.2.1.a) Corm diameter: As regard to interaction effect, obtained data showed that the thickest corm was always produced by plants grown in pots filled with both c(;)mbinationsbetween (sand + peatmoss + clay) and (sand + peat:noss + vermiculite) from one hand and the higher rate of ”theU.C. mixture from the other, however, the combination of the first mixture showed a relative tendency to be mClre effective I regardless of cultivar. The reverse was true when plants were grown in polyethylene bags contained sa.ndcr (sand + aquastores) as both were providing with U.C. la.ix.at the lower rate. With regard to specific effect of planting media, it could be noticed clearly that beth substrate mixtures of (sand + peatmos3 + clay) and (l;and + peatmoas + vermicu1.ite) 182 had resulted in producing thickest corm, but the former one seemed to be more suitable. On the contrary sand and (sand + aquastores) both were the inferior in this respect. Meanwhile, corm diameter was positively reacted with the level of U. C. mixture during beth seasons for both banana cultivars. V.l.2.1.b) Number of roots per plant: Referring to interaction effect (planting media x level of U.C. mix.), data obtained showed that however the trend of response was not acutely settled, but to some extent it could be concluded that the combination between (sand + peatmoss + clay) and the higher rate of U.C. mixture induced root system with an extensive fibrous branching than other, treatments. Contrary to that the combination between (sand + aquastores) and U.C. mix. at the lower rate was the inferior, since it showed the most sparest roots. As for specific effect of planting media it was worthy to be noticed that (sand + peatmoss + clay) was the most suitable followed by (sand + peatmoss + vermiculite), (sand + peatmoss) (sand + clay), (peatmoss + clay) and (sand + aquastores) or sand in a de ending order. In addition number of roots per plant was responded positively to specific effect of level U.C. polyfeed mixture. but the response was less pronounced than that detected with type of planting media. ----_ ... _- --------- 183 V.l . .2. 1. c) Root diameter :: With regard to root diameter in response to interaction effect, it was so clear to notice that it reacted markedly to the different treatments, since combinations between (sand + peattttoss + clay) and (sand + peatmoss + vermiculite) from one side and the U.C. poly feed mixture either at higher or lower rates from the other induced the thickest roots. The reverse was true with sand and {sand + aquastores} receiving U.C. mix. at ”A”/tlB’t rates. Concerning specific effect of growing media and leYel of nutrient mixture data obtained showed that the thickest roots were always concomi tan t to both (sand + pleatmoss + clay) and (sand + peatmoss + vermiculite), beside the higher rate of U.C. mixture, however the response ’;Iraamore pronounced with the first factor than second. V.l.2.1.d) Root distributio~ : Generally, it could be noticed that the root vertical penetration was extended to far longer distance than its horizontal orientation as the root system distribution was concerned. However, the wide spreading root sys tem was always concomitant to that plants grown under both combinations of (sand + peatmcss + clay) received -A- level of nutrient mixture and (sand + peatmcss + vermiculite) combined also with U.C. mix. at tbe higher rate with both cultivars. Moreover, sand and (sand + aquastores) amended with U.C. either at higher or lo’t!l’er level were the inferior. _., -- ----------_._--- 184 Beside, other combinations WE~rein between, however th€. (sand + pea tmoss + clay) providing the lower rate of nutrient mi~ture was mare effective. Such trend was true either vertical or horizontal orientations were concerned. Referring to specific effect of growing media, it could be conclUded that both SUbs1:rate mixtures of (sand + peatmmoss + clay) and {sand + peatmoss + vermiculite} were the most suitable, however fOt”mer one was more effective than later but differences are statistically negligible. On the other hand, inferior. sand or (sand + aquastores) were the As fOr specific effect oj: level of U.C. mix. data obtained revealed that the wider spreading roots either vertically Or horizontally was that of plants received the higher level of such nutrient cultivar. mixture, regardless of banana V.1.2.2. Dry weight of diffentnt plant organs V.1.2.2.1. Aboveground systElm (pseudostem + leaves) : With regard to interaction effect, it could be safely concluded that both combinations between (sand + peatmoss + clay) or (sand + peatmoS3 + vermiculite) and the higher level of U.C. mixture were tbe most effective and statistically produced the heavi,est aerial system for both cultivars. Moreover. (sand + peatm.osa) provid:i.X1.9 ..”i.th ftA” 185 rate of U.C. mix. and (sand + peatmoss + clay) or (sand + ~·Cc,_a·.t, -’m~ os_ s + vermiculite) both combined with U.C. mix. at the lower rate, all ranked second, bu t sand or (sand + A.al1::1~t’nrp~’ ,••’•” ht”\1”’’”l were combil:ledeither with RAR/”8R rates or U.c:. m;~. w””rF! t’hp infprinr. Rp.~ides.other cOmbinations fell in between the aforesaid two extremes. As for specific effect of planting media, it was cleared that both SUbstrate mi~~tures of (sand + peatmoss + clay) and (sand + peatmoss + vermicUlite) were the Superior media, followed by (sand + peatIll0SS)and (peatmoss + clay); but sand Or (sand + aquastores) were the inferior. Nevertheless, specific effect of applied rate of the u. C. mixture was obviously detected, since heaviest shoot system was statistically related to its higher level. V.l.2.2.2. Underground system (corm + roots) dry weight: V.1.2.2.2.a) Corm dry weight: : Referring to interaction effect of planting media as combined with the levels of the U. C. polyfeed mixture, it was quite evident that both combinations of (sand + peatmoss + clay) or (sand + peatmoss + ~l’ermiculite)each with the higher RAil level of U.C. :mix. WEire statistically the most suitable ones and produced the l:Leaviestcorm. However, the above mentioned both combiuatioI1l:~ were of equal effect with Williams cv., but the former was more effective t:han 186 later with Grand-Nain cv. during two seasons. The reverse was true with both sand and (sand + aquastores) especially as combined with the lower rate ”sn of U.C. mix., however combination of sand was more depressive. Moreover, other combinations ranked in between. As for specific effect of planting media it was clear that (sand + peatmoss + clay) was superior followed by (sand + pea tmoss inferior planting + vermiculite), medium. Besides, whi 1e sand was the other growing mdia were intermediate. data Regarding obtained specific effect the level of U.C. mix. declared obviou~ly that the higher rate statistically increased corm dry weight of both cultivars than lower one with about 20-25 t. V. 1 .2.2 .2. b} Root dry weiqht~ : With regard to interaction E!ffect(typeof media + level of U.C. mix.) it was quite evident that heaviest root dry weight was always concomitant to the (sand + peatmoss + clay) as combined with the higher level of U.C. nutrient mixture of hoth cultivars. Thl! combinations of (sand + peatm.oss + vermiculite) with ”A1f or nan levels of the polyfeed mixture 187 peatmos s + clay) receiving lowl~r rate of U.C. mix. liB” as we 11 as lsand + clay) or l2, a.nd + pea tmoss } when each amended with the higher rate of U.C. mix. a.ll came next to the superior treatment with l:lttle interruption. However, combinations between sand 0:”” {sand + aquastores} with both levis of U.C. mixture were the inferior and indued the lightest root dry weight. In regard to specific effect of planting media it could be noticed clearly that {sand + peatmos s + clay} induced. The heaviest root dry weight, followed by (sand + peatmoss + vermiculite) and (sand + clay) or (sand + peatmoas) thereafter lpeatmos~~ + clay}, (sand + aquastores) and latest sand which ranked final in a descending order. However, the specific effect of applied level of u.C. mixture waS markedly de!tected, siues the higher rate was more effective and st”Ltistically surpassed the lower one for both cultivars, but the response was more pronounced with Williams cv. V.1. 2.2.3. Total plant d:ry weight : With regard to interact:ion effect of (planting media x level of U.C. nutrient mix.) on t he total plant dry weight, data obtained disclosed clearly that the heaviest plants in both banana cultivars were always concomitant to the combination of (sand + peatmoss + clay) receiving U.C. mixture at the higher rate ”A”, followed by those of {sand + ~”~---_. - - - -’--- ---~---_._-- ._---_.- - --- -~----- -- 188 peatmoss + vermiculite) providing with ”A” level of U.C. differences between both combinations were insignif:~cant during l~it and 2nd seasons for Grand- Nain and Williams cva. respectively. Meanwhile, the reverse was true as both were compared with the other combinations during both seasons regardless of banana cultivars. On the contrary, the lightest dry weight, was closely related to sand or (sand + aquastorees) especially when combined with the lower ”B” rate of U.C. mixture. Other combinations fell in between the above mentioned two extremes with variable degrE;H~of response from one season cultivar to another. In regard to specific effect of type of planting media, it was quite evident that both (sand + peatmoss+ clay) and (sand + peatmoss + vermiculite) were the most suitable substrate mixtures used as growing media, however the forll1er true with regardless tended to be mc)re effective. The reverse was sand alone followed of banana cultivar. by (sand + aquastores), Besides, the level of Other U. C. medi.a were i:c.termediate. mixture showed an obvious effect, since the higher rate ”A” the lower rate during was statistically surpassed twe seasons of study with both banana culti·.,.a.rs - ._-_.. -------- 189 V.2. Mineral constituents in various banana plants organ V.2.l. Nitrogen content: Generally, it could bE! observed that the different plant organs (leaf, root and corm) of both banana cultivars, were obviously varied in their nitrogen content. Yet, leaf was the richest organ followed by root and finally corm which ranked last, however the last twa organs were not greatly differed in most cases. As for the interaction effect due to the combining between planting media and level of the U. C. nutrient mixture on the leaf, root and cram nitrogen ccntent, it is easy to be concluded that the combinations between (sand + peatmoss + clay) and/or (sand + peatmoss + vermiculite} from one side and the higher level of U.C. nutrient mixture from the other were generally the superior and induced the highest N% fer all plant orga.ns. Beside, the combination of (peatmoss + clay) x higher level of the poly feed U.C. mixture resulted in incre,asing the rate of nitrogen accumulation, especially in the under ground organs i. e. , root and corm. Maanwh~le, tbe reverse was true with the combiantions of sand and (saud + aquastores) regardless of level of U. C. nutrient :mixtu”readded to each or the plant organ for both cvs. Regarding specific efftlct of planting medi.a. data obtained revealed clearly that:the level of !It for all plant organs was significantly affected by the type of the 1 190 substrate mixture. In spite of the substrate mi~tures of (sand + peatmoss + clay), (sand + peatmoss + vermiculi te) and (peatmoss + clay) were generally the superior, but the different plant organs were Dot typically responded to the same medium/media. Since, (sand + peatmoss + clay) or(sand + peatmoss + vermiculite)were the Superior as leaf N% was concerned but with roots (sand + peatmoss + clay) and (sand + peatmoss + vermiculite) or (peatmosa + clay) e~ceeded the other planting media used in this respect. While for corm N\ the (peatmoss + clay) was the superior followed by (sand + p~~atmoss + clay). As for the specific effect of the level U.C. nutrient ~ixture it is quite evident that N content of the different organs was in close relationship to the rate of the poly feed U. C. 1iU.xtureapplied, whe,re the increase was significant, regardless of plaut ox’gaus for both cUltivars of banana under study. V.2.2. Phosphorus contant : Obtained data revealed tha’t:level of phosphorus content was varied from oue plant organ to another, since they could be arranged intCI the following d.escending order roots, leaf and corm which. showed the lOlll’estP%. however difference between the fOl:”m.erorgans (relot and leaf’ was not much pronounced. 2 191 Concerni 9 the interaction effect of the different combinations (type of plalJ.tin9 media x level of U. C. it could. be generally concluded that banana cultivars exhibited the maximum P nutrient mix plants of bo content as an of (sand + clay), (sand + peatmoss + clay) or (sand + peatm ss + vermiculite) was combined with the higher level of mixture, regardless of plant organs. The opposite was rue with such plants grown in pots of sand or (sand + aquas ores) received U.C. nutrient mixture either at the lower or he higher rate. Never the ess, 1ea f , re.et; and corm. P\ was obvious ly influenced by the type planting medium, since (sand + clay). (sand + peatm ss + verm.iculite) and (sand + peatm.oss + clay) represented t e superior substrata mixture and resulted in a significant i crease over other planting media. however the former two mi tures were more effective in this respect. Beside, obtained data reflected also the specific effect of the supplied level of the polyfeed U.C. mi~ture, where the hig er rata of the nutrient mixture significantly increased t e phosphorus level in most plant organs, regardless of banana cultival’. 3 - ---- --~----~--- 192 V.2.3. Potassium content Generally it could be observed that root potassium percentage showed a relative tendency to be higher in most cases than leaves of the same cultivar, while the lowest K% was always ccncometent with the corm. As for potassium ccn t en t; in three plaut organs investigated of both banana cultivars as influenced by the different cotnbinations (interaction effect of planting media X level of U.C. mi~ture) obtained data showed that the combinations between the planting media of (sand + clay), (sand + peatmoss + clay) or (peatmoss + clay) from one hand and the higher level of U.C. nutrient mixture, from the other resulted significantly in most cases in an increase of the K\ of the different plant organs. However, such trend Was interrupted in few caSies especially with. corm. The reverse was true with the combiantions of sand or (sand + aquastoures) either with thl! higher or lower rate of U.C. uutrient mixture, although the later was more depressive. Regarding specific effe!ct of planting media, obtained data revealed that (sand + peatlDOss + clay) and/or (saud + clay) and (peatmoss + clajr) planting media induced the highest level of K content ill different plant organs of both banana eva. On the contrary l5and or (sand + aquastores) were the inferior in this concern. ------ ~~--------~ 193 Referring to the specific effect of the poly feed U.C. mi~ture, it was clearly noticed that the appl~cation at the higher rate of the nutrient mixture resulted significantly in io.creas~ng K% in th.ree p;~ant organs. Such increase was more pronounced in both leaves and rcc ca than corm, regardless of banana cultivars during twe seasons of study. V.3. Concluding remarks: 1- Briefly, from the aforementi.oned data it could be safely concluded that both above and underground systems and the~r mi.neral composition in the tissue-cultured banana plantlets of both \l1illiaml~and Grand-Nai.n cu Ltivars were obviously influenced by the different planting =edia as combined with two levels CI£ the U.C. nutrient mixture. 2- However, such response tel some extent was variable from one organ cultivar or season to another, but general trend could be easily detected for most cases, hence (sand + peatmoss + clay) and/or (sand + peatmoss + vermiculite) as amended with the higher level of U.C. nutrient mixture were the most favourable combinations by which the greatest values of the aforesaid growth measurements that associa-ted with a balanced levels of N, P and K content were achieved. - ----- ---- ----_._-------- 194 3- Proportions elf the di ffareot: componants of the substrate mi%tures used for growing the tissue-cultured, banana plantlets, as well as others poly-feed nutrient mixtures at various rates and methods of their application through different st.ages of plantlets development should be revaluated t.o acbieve better response which certaioely will be rej;lected positively on banana growers, especially those working in the field of producing nursery plants. 50 further studies are needed in this respect. |