الفهرس 
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Abstract
.SUMMARYANliCONCLUSION
This investigation was conducted at Barrage Research
Station,Kalubia Governorate. It involved four experiments as,
followes:
Experiment I: Effect of pollen grain sources on palm
fruiting and date quality of ”allawy and
Khdrawy date palms.
This study was carried out during two successive seasons of
1996 and 1997 on fifty -year-old Hallawy and Khadrawt date
palm ( lraqian cvs), Selected palms were healthy .nearly uniform
in growth vigour’ andfruiting, planted in loamy soilat LOx 10
m apart and received regularly the normal horticu Itureal
practices. Moreover, the tested pollen grains for pollination
process were. selected from three locations namely: Abou-
Rawash (Giza Governoratej.El-Qanater (Kalubia Governorate)
and .Rashied (Behera Governorate).
.
The pollination treatments were arranged ina completely
randomized block design with three replicates for each.
treatment and each replicate was represented by one palm.
Consequently.this study is considered a factorial experiment ( 2
cultivars - male palms x 3 pollen grain sources).
Pollio grains viability (stainability and germination) was
detected. Besides.the effect of the cultivar and pollen grain
sources as well as their interactions were evaluated through
)
palm fruiting (yield (kg)/palm), bunch weight and biennial
bearing index. Also, date physical properties.i.e., date weight
height,diameter,shape index, pulp weight, seed weight and
puklp : seed ratio were detennined.Moreover, date chemical
properties,ie.,tannins,totalsoluble sugars,··reducing sugars,
non reducing sugars and total sugars were determined,
The obtained results could be summarized as follows:
5.1.1. Pollen grains viability:
Generally, pollen grains .:viability (stainability and
germination) was higher in Rashied male palm, followed
descendingly by EI-Qanaterpollen grains and lastly those of
Abou-Rawash male palm.
5.1.2..Palm/ruiting:
Conclusively, Hallawycv surpassed Khadrawy cv 10 all
studiee palm fruiting parameters.i.e., yield (kg)lpalm, bunch
weight vand relatively regular bearing. Besides El-Qanater
pollen .grains exerted the highest stimulative effect on the
previously studied fruiting parameters. Futhennore,the
interaction . between HaUawy cvand EI-QanaterpoUen grains
proved .to be thesuperior out. of all studied combinations in
Abou-Rawash pollen grains gave.the highest pulp: seed ratio.
The interaction between the cultivar (Hallawy and Khadrawy)
and pollen grain sources (Abou-Rawash.Rashied andEIQanater)
did not induce a remarkable affect on diameter. shape
index and seed weight.
5.1.3.2. Date chemica/properties :
Shortly, Hallawy dates surpasses Khadrawy dates intheir
eating quality from the chemical properties standpoint, since
they contain higher total soluble solids, reducing sugars, non
reducing sugars total sugars percentages and lower tannins
percentages. Besides, Abou-Rawash pollen grains had more
pronounced effect on date chemical properties, as they
increased date reducing sugars, non reducing sugars and total
sugars and tannins content. Also, EI-Qanatermale palms
. produced more stimulative effect on date total soluble solids
percentage. Moreover, Hallawy palms pollinated withAbou-
Rawash pollen grains produced dates higher intheir content of
reducing sugars. non reducing sugars and total sugars•.
meanwhile, the highest date tannins content was observed in
Khadrawy dates resulted from Abou-Rawash pollen grains.
Finally, the highest date total soluble solids percentagewas
detected in Khadrawydates arised by EI-QanatermaJepalms.
Experiment II: Leaf:·bunch ratio in relation to palm fruiting
and da/equality of Hallawyand Khadrawy·cvs.
As a trial to regulate palm cropping and to enhance date
quality, palms of both Hallawy and Khadrawy cvs were
prunnedto achieve leaf: bunch ratio of 8,9 and 10 :1.
)
The treatments were arranged in a completly randomized
block design with three replicates for each treatment and each
replicate was represented by one palm. Therefore, thisstudy is
considered a factorial experiment (3 treatments x 2 cultivars).
The obtained results could be swnmarized as follows:
5.2.1. Palmfruiting:
Generally, Hallawy palms surpassed Khadrawy palms In ..
their annual cropping, bunch weight, whereas Khadrawy palms
proved to be more regular in their annual bearing than Hallawy
cv. Besides, the ratio of eight leavesfor each bunch proved to
be the recommended ratio for enhancing the cropping capacity
of the palm, bunch weight and regulating the .annual palm
cropping. Furthermore, Hallawy palms ,prunned tomantain
eight leaves for each bunch gave the highest yield, whereas
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Khadrawy palms had eight leaves for each bunch tend to crop
in somewhat regular pattern.
5.2.2. Date Quality:
5.2.2.1. Date physical properties:
Briefly, . Hallawy palms produced dates heavier in their
weight, longer with heavier pulp weight and higher pulp :seed
ratio than Khadrawy palms. Besides, pruning date palms cvs
Hallawy and Khadrawy to mantain eight leaves per bunch
enhanced all studied date physical properties.since this ratio
improved date weight, height, diameter.pulp weight and pulp:
seed ratio and reduced seed weight. Furthermore, Hallawy
palms pruned to mantain eight leaves for each bunch produced
dates supenor in the previously studied date physical
parameters.
5.2.2. Date chemical properties:
Abstractly, Hallawy cv produced dates superior in their
eating quality from date chemical properties standpoint.since .
they contain higher total soluble solids, reducing sugars, non
reducing sugars and total sugars, besides low tannins content as
compared with those producing byKhadrawy palms.
Furthermore. ten leaves per bunch increased date content of
reducing sugars, non reducing sugars and total sugars” whereas
pruning Hallawy and Khadrawy cvs to maintain eight leaves
per bunch improved date total soluble solids percentage and
reduced date tannins content. Finally, Hallawy palms pruned to
maintain ten leaves per bunch produce.d dates rich in reduced
sugars, non reduced sugars and total sugars, whereas those
pruned to maintain eight leaves for each bunch gave dates
higher in total soluble solids, but lower in their tannins content.
Experiment Ill: Date chemicalthinning in relation to palm
date quality:
Fifty-year-old Hallawyand Khadrawy palms were devoted
for this study. two weeks after pollination, strands of the
selected palm of both cvs were sprayed-with 50 and 100 ppm
Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), 50 and 100 ppm 2,4,5-
trichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4,5- T) or 500 and 1000 ppm
Alsol (CGA). Moreover, the .strands of control palms were
sprayed with tap water. The treatments were arranged in a
completely randomized block design and each treatment was
replicated three times and each replicate was represented by
one palm. Consequently, this study is considered a factorial
experiment (7 treatments x 2 cultivars) .
Furthermore, the’ response of both Hallawy and Khadrawy
cvs to date chemical thinning was evaluated through palm
fruitingand date quality as conducted in Experiment 1
The obtained results could be summarized as follows:
5.3.1. Palm!rllit;ng:
Briefly, Hallawy cv proved to be more productive than
Khadrawy cv, .since it gave comparatively higher yield (kg I
.palm) and heavier bunch weight. The two tested cultivars took
nearly more or less similar pattern of yearly cropping. Besides,
NAA at 50 or 100 ppm exerted the heighest stimulative effect
on palm fruiting parameters.i.e., yield (kg/palm) and bunch
weight. On the other hand, Alsol at 1000 ppm induced more _
positive effect on regulating annual palm cropping. Finally, out
of all tested interactions, Hallawy strands sprayed with NAA at
50 or 100 ppm gave the highest values of palm fruiting
_parameters and somewhat more regular annual cropping.’
5.3.2~DateQllality:
5.3.2.1. Date physical properties:
Shortly, Hallawy dates were superior in their weight, height
and shape index as compared with Khadrawy dates. The
reverse was true when pulp weight and seed weight were
concerned. Thecultivar failed to affect date diameter and pulp:
seed ratio. Furthermore,NAA at 50 or 100 ppm exerted positive
. ’
effect on date weight.height, diameter and pulp weight. The
tested growth substances failed to affect seed weight and pulp:
seed ratio. Finally , Hallawy strands sprayed with NAA at 50 or
100 ppm produced dates comparatively superior in their
weight, height and diameter, whereas, Khadrawy strands sprayed
with NAA at 100 ppm gave dates heavier in their pulp weight
and seed weight.
5.3.2.2. Date chemical properties :
Briefly, Hallawy palms surpassed Khadraey cv in regard to
reduced sugars, non reduced sugars and total sugars. The
reverse .was true for date tannins and total soluble solids
content. On the other hand, Alsol at 1000 ppm proved”to be the
most effective treatment in enhancing date reduced sugars, non
reduced sugars and total sugars. Date total soluble solids
percentage was greatly increased due to.50 ppm 2,4,S-Tsprays.
FInally, Hallawy strands sprayed with Alsol at 1000 ppm gave
dates rich in their reduced sugars, tannins and total sugars. On
the other side, Khadrawy strands sprayed with 50ppm2,4,5-T
gave dates higher in total soluble solids percentages.
Experiment IV: Monthly changes ojpinnae mineral
contem 0/ Hallawy and Khadrawy
date palm cvs.
This study was conducted during the two successive
seasons of 1996 and 1997 at Barrage Horticultural Research
Station.Kalubia.Governorate to determinethe appropriate date
for pruning Hallawy and Khadrawy date palm cvs through
detecting the monthly changes in pinnae mineral content.
Fifty-year-old Hallawyand Khadrawy date palms (Phoneix
dactylijera,L.) grown in loamy soil, similar in growth vigour
and received regulary the usual cultural practices, were devoted
for this study. Pinnae samples were taken at monthly intervals
from ten palms of each tested cultivar in order to determine the
most accurate date for pruning Hallawy and Khadrawy date
palm cvs,i.e., the time at which the minimum values of pinnae .
mineral content were recorded. Consequently, this study is
considered a factorial experiment consisted of two date palm
cultivars and twelve samling dates. Each cultivar was
represented by ten palms.
The obtained results could be summarized as follows :
Conclusively, Hallawy surpassed Khadrawy cv in respect to
pinnae content of N,P,K,Fe and Mn, whereas Khadrawycv.
recorded higher values for pinnae calcium and magnesium
content. Besides, the minimum values for the most tested
pinnae mineral content were detected in March and April
samples. Thereupon, it is advisable to prune Hal1awyand
Khadrawy date palm in March andApril.