الفهرس 
Embryology and development of the vertebral columnOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
In the last years spinal surgery has evolved into a highly developed specialty. Spinal surgery is used for treatment of different spinal disorders via either anterior or posterior approach.
In this essay the Embryology of the vertebral column is discussed. A basic knowledge of spinal anatomy is critical for any surgeon undertaking a spinal operation. So a basic over view of the anatomy of the spine with special concern to the thoracic and lumbar spine as well as to anatomy of the anterior approach to the thoracic and lumbar spine is provided.
Then the indications of anterior thoracic and lumbar surgery are discussed; the clinical presentation, and investigation used in diagnosis of each, and how the anterior approach can be applied in the treatment of each disease.
The alternatives available for approaching the thoracic spine is endoscopic and for approaching the lumbar spine is laparoscopic with a hint about the newer evolving techniques with description of the instruments used for anterior instrumentation of the thoracic and lumbar spine.
Postoperative care and management of postoperative problems are pointed to with mentioning the most important postoperative complications and possible management of the most important.
CONCLUSION
Anterior thoracic and lumbar surgery is an ever changing and developing field. It represents a less commonly utilized but important challenge for the spine surgeon. Because of the ongoing evolution of surgical techniques and instrumentation system, anterior thoracic and lumbar surgery will most likely continue to gain acceptance and popularity.
A complete understanding of the surgical anatomy, , the pathology of the thoracic and lumbar disease and the available surgical approaches is mandatory for successful management and to avoid over using these approaches, resulting in unacceptable failure rate.
Anterior approaches may or may not be combined with posterior procedures, for better surgical outcomes.
Appropriate patient selection remains the most important prerequisite for any surgical procedures on the thoracic and lumbar spine.
Decisions should be based on careful history taking and physical examination. Knowledge of the natural history of the condition and expected surgical outcomes selected radiographic studies, surgical experience and the availability of instrumentation, personnel and facilities.
Anterior approach is superior to posterior approach. Because :
1- Better verification of the pathology.
2- Direct access to the lesion.
3- Less incidence of trauma to the neural structures.
4- Many alternatives available which can suit every patient
and every pathology.