الفهرس 
Measur ements of verticalaglesOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Normally. the trinangulation networks are classified as first. second .third and fourth order. The traverse comes as Iower degree after the orders of triangultions. These classifcation was agreed nationally and internationally to be used. Determintion of each degree is depending on som items such as the lengths,accuracy, etc . Levelling was classifed as precise.ordinary and trignometric according to the required level of accuracy. the instruments used and corrections of observations . Because of the geat advancing in instruments, techniques and adjustments it is possible to reclassify the orders of triangulation and more over raising the accuracy of the ders.
In this thesis one of aspects has been introduced which is belived to change the order the classifiction either in triangulation or in levelling.
Evaluation of the electronic distance meaurements has been doen and respectively its effect on the accuracy obtained in the traverse work.
Also re-evaluation of the vertical angle measurements has been studied using the recent results of the determination of the vertical refraction where the vertical refaction is the main source of errors in the vertical angle maesurements.
Practical examples have been done using these approaches on traverse, the studies of the results show the accuracy which could be obtained.
Therefore reclassifications and racommendations have been introduced according to the analysis and results of this thesis.