الفهرس 
IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Surveying is the art of measuring distances between objects, of measuring angles between lines, of determinig the direction of lines, and establishing points by predetermined angular and linear measurements.
Concomitant with the actual measurements are mathematical calculations.
Distances, angles, directions, locations, elevations, and areas are thus determined from data of the syrvey. Electronic distance measurements and aerial photogrammetry techniques are examples of modern sysrems utilized in data acquisition.
The mathematical combination of the obeserved data to produce the unknown parameters is as important as the study of the errors in the measurements and their propagation through the computational procedure in order to yield the quality of the outcome.
In this thesis, an attempt has been made to provide a collective study for a family of techniques which imply the reduction of linear measurements, leveling networks, directions, traverse loops, two-and three-dimentional networks, and aerial trianulation. In addition, how the theory of errors could be applied to such tequniques. To demonstrate the various technical and reduction operations, worked numerical examples have been embeded.