الفهرس 
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Abstract
Various experimental techniques have been developed to examine solid surfaces. The general requirements for anysurface analytical method are that it should be simplenon - destructive and of high sensitivity to the properties of the surface region rather than to bulk properties. In order to get a comprehensive picture of the surface. The importance of Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) lies in the
fact that it nearly satisfies all the above conditions. In practice, the most convenient and least destructive probes
are x-ray photons and electrons (Duke and Park, 1972.