الفهرس 
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Abstract
In the present study 71 cases of dogs and cats were collected from midtown veterinary hospital of Alexandria, some private clinics in Alexandria and animal aid Egypt located in Miami - Alexandria. Soft tissue affections were recorded in33cases while bone affections were recorded in 38 cases. Dog’s weight ranges from 3kg to 40kg and age ranges from 3 months to 4 years old, while cats weight ranges from 1kg to 7kg and age ranges from 1 month to 6 years old. All cases were subjected to thorough clinical examination including respiration, pulse rate and body temperature, in addition, the history of the affection was reported.
The animals were fasted for 12 hours prior to surgery. All metal instruments including forceps, scissors, needles, needle holders, and steinmanns pins were sterilized by hot air oven while non-absorbable suture material, surgical towels, and tampoons were sterilized by autoclaving. The area around the site of incision was shaved, washed and disinfected with betadine surgical scrub.
Radiographs were obtained by x-ray machine (Toshiba, Japan 1998), which was of a power of 50 kv, 48-100 mAs for cats, 90 kv, 100-200 mAs for dogs. The doses used during radiography ranged from 8-65 kv and 40-65 mAs. The x-ray films were of the size 14×17 inches (35×43cm) and also 10×12 inches (22.5×30cm).
Dogs were pre-medicated with atropine sulphate in a dose of 0.1 mg/kg body weight by subcutaneous injection, sedated by xylazine Hcl in a dose of 1-2mg/kg body weight by intramuscular injection, anesthetized with Thiopental sodium in a dose of 20mg/kg body weight by intravenous injection; While cats were sedated by xylazine Hcl in a dose of 1mg/kg body weight by intramuscular injection, anesthetized with Ketamine Hcl in a dose of 10 mg/kg body weight by intramuscular injection.
The results of the present study proved that:
• Spinal cord injuries resulted from severe trauma like car accident or being DROPped from a height has poor prognosis and response to treatment.
• Whenever a humeral shaft fracture is suspected a complete forelimb neurological evaluation should be performed and it is best dealt with by intra-medullary bone pinning.
• Femoral fractures are the most common fracture types in the dog and cat, accounting for 20% to 26% of all fractures. They usually result from direct trauma from a motor vehicle or being DROPped from a height.
• Femoral fractures are best dealt with by intra-medullary bone pinning. Also the pin should be with a diameter that is approximately 50% to 70% of the femoral isthmus in order to avoid pin migration and fracture collapse.
• Pelvic fractures with no displacement of the segments or contiuity of the pelvic rings could be treated non surgically by providing rest and limitation of activity
• Fractures of radius and ulna, depending on their location and configuration vary greatly in their treatment complexity and potential outcomes.
• All of the reported cases received conservative treatment consists of external coaptation coupled with strict activity restriction.
• The Prognosis of both young animals and cases of stable transverse fracture was good, while the prognosis of comminuted fracture was poor as the external coaptation was removed by the animal which was admitted 2 weeks from the repair with obviously shortened limb.
• Approximately 73% of all tibial fractures are diaphyseal fractures. Distal tibial fractures occur less frequently, and account for approximately 20% of all tibial fractures. Proximal fractures of the tibia are least common.
• The age of animals which suffer from proximal tibial fractures or green stick fractures ranges from 3 months to 1 year old. While animals with diaphyseal and distal tibial fractures aged from 2 to 3 years old.
• Cases of green stick and proximal fissure fractures were stabilized by applying pressure bandage, Diaphyseal fractures were delt with by means of closed reduction and application of plaster of parris, treatment of distal diaphyseal fractures could not be reached as they were in very poor physical condition ended by death after car accidents. Except one case treated by closed reduction and application of plaster of parris and it was healed successfully and the animal was admitted bearing weight on the affected limb.
• Delayed union can occur at any fracture site. Clinical signs include pain and instability at the fracture site, reluctance of the patient to bear weight, and muscle atrophy. Diagnosis is based on history, clinical signs, and radiography.
• The most common causes of delayed union are inadequate or interrupted fixation of fracture segments. On radiographs the fracture lines remain evident and a feathery or woolly appearance, and there is no sclerosis of the bone ends. Evidence of osteogenic activity is visible, but this is minimal and may not bridge the fracture line.
• All lacerated wounds reported in this investigation resulted from car accidents, and characterized by loss of overlying skin, muscles, and tendons, also they were heavily contaminated.
• Treatment was conducted by removing of the necrotic tissue, refreshing of wound lips, wet to dry dressing was applied to assist debridement, the dressing was changed daily until the formation of healthy granulation tissue, and then the epithelialzed skin edges were trimmed and sutured.
• Infected old wounds a moist antiseptic pad was applied to the wound to prevent further contamination, necrotic tissue were removed, deep layers were sutured by simple interrupted absorbable sutures, and then the epithelial edges were closed by simple interrupted non absorbable sutures, after closure the wound was protected by non adherent absorbable bandage.
• Gangrene was normal sequel for neglected bite wounds; consequently the affected part of the limb was amputated.
• The forelimb amputation was achieved at the level of shoulder joint which created a cosmetically unacceptable appearance to some owners. While the rear limb amputation was achieved at the level of the stifle joint as it was much easier than disarticulation at the hip joint.
• The prognosis of recent / fresh and mildly contaminated wounds was considerably good, while that of the infected bite wounds and contaminated lacerated wounds was guarded to poor.
• A case of bilateral bursitis associated by parabursitis and thickening of the surrounding tissue at the elbow joint , was treated by regular aspiration of the content each other day for 2 weeks, gentamycine, a touch of chemotrypsin and α- chemotrypsin were injected both intra-muscularly and into the cyst. By the end of the two weeks the condition got better and the treatment was performed for 1 more week to assure complete recovery.
• Five cases of rickets were reported during this study, all of them had similar skeletal abnormalities and locomotor impairment. Clinical signs included weakness, lameness, focal bone swelling of both radius and ulna immediately above the carpal joint, bowing of antibrachii.
• The suggested treatment for rickets was prescription of Pedical in a dose of 3 cm daily for 1 month; and the owner was advised to feed the dog vitamin D and calcium rich diet in addition to exposing the dog to sunlight daily.
• Nervous form of canine distemper was reported in one case during this study, the case presented with abnormal gait, posture, tremors; physical examination revealed high temperature (39.8 c) and history of skipping canine distemper vaccine.
• The dog was treated conservatively by: Ketolgin- 1 vial daily for 3 days, Claforan 0.25mg - 1 vial daily for 1 week, Depovite-1 vial weekly for two weeks and Neuroton- 1 vial day after day for 1 weekwith expected good prognosis.