الفهرس 
Nephrotic syndromeOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Nephrotic syndrome (NS),consisting of massrve proteinuria, edema, hypoalbuminemia, and hyperlipidemia, is a common chronic glomerular disease in children. The most common cause of NS is MeD followed by FSGS. Although the syndrome has been long recognized, the mechanism of edema formation remains controversial. ”Underfill Theory” and”Overfill Theory” have been proposed to explain the pathophysiology of edema due to sodium retention but there is criticism versus both theories. The classical hypothesis relates renal sodium and water retention to hypovolemia (underfill theory). Massive proteinuria leads to hypoalbuminemia and the resulting reduction of plasma oncotic pressure that increases fluid movement out of the vessels into the interstitium and therefore causing hypovolemia. This hypovolemia will activate the sympathetic nervous system and the renin-angiotensin- aldosterone axis that will lead to salt and water retention.