الفهرس 
Material and methodsOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The present study was carried out in the apiary of
El-A.mar , Kalubia , Honey bee Research’ , Minst 0
of Agric. , El-Doky ,Giza and Organic Chemistry Dept. ,
Faculty of Science, Ain-Shams University. 1-
Clearly, an in-depth experimental assessment of
the efficiancy of two hup~ids of honeybees_ as collecters of
propolis t bess-wax ~rom old combe and pollens were
desirable. In this study we conducted the chemical composition
of propolis and its biological activitieso
Accordingly, this studY addressed tlle following
questions for the secondary products of honeybees in
Egypt. l)- Do bees of the two races (F1Italian-bee s and
FlCarniolan-bees) have similar rates o~ propolis ,--
pollen and brood-rearing activities?(2)-Do bees of
both races collect similar amounts of propolis and
pollens ? (3)- kre the chemical of Egyptian propolis
similar other chemioal of propolis produced in other
countries. J.1. (4)- DoEgyptian propolis has different
the bio1ogica.1 activities? (5) Which methods can be
obtaned. the propolis and bees-wax from old combs.
I- ? R 0 POL IS:
Fropolis can harvested by beekeepers only by
scraping the walls of the hives , when changing their
hives equipments , or when replacing combs_ The amount
of propolis harvested per colony depends on many factors.
The raoe of bees , strength of the Rive , plants and
other vegetation, e~her~rom bUds such as(poplar ) or
from bark 9 :”.11 time of need, however , bees will collect
resinous sustitute materials such as pitch and ohaul king
compounds. Also I~the yield of prpolis depends on weather
conditions and colo~ needs.
The main topics which were taken in consideration
in this study were :
1)- The e ompar-Lson between two races ” ” F1 Italian -
bees and Fl Carniolan-bees t) QI:l ·.. ~the following points:
a)- Effect of different seasons on the rate of gathering
propolis activity. b)- Sealed brood-rearing activity during
a year of study, were conducte d to study their effect on
propolis gathering activity _ c)- Some aspects about
the chemioal composition of Egyptian propolis - d)- ntudies
the biological activities of the propo~is , which concluded
its untibacterial, anti:fu.ngal activity, treating
Braula coeca and seed germination of wheat and broad
bean by different extracts of propolis _
1- The amounts of Propolis Harvester1 by the TwoitJ-prids:
Fl Italian bees gathered 72.29 g/colony during
too yea:r of study, while F1 Carnio1an bees gathered only
46.60 g/colony. The highest of propolis wesegathered during
July and August ( 10.71 and 16.J3 g) and were (6.71
a.nd 7.40 g ) for the F1 Italian bees and F1 Carniolan
bees, respectively. The lowest amourrt: was gathered in
Dsoembe’r and January ( 1Q 94 and 2.59 g ) for F1 Italian
bees and (1080 and 1.88 g) for Fl Carniolan bees,
reiSpectively.
During the different seasons Italian bees gathered
19009 t 31059 t 12.32 and 9’~69g propolis during Spring,
s~ , Autumn and Winter , resPectively. Less amountst of
propolis were gatherei ( 14.17 ,18.10 ,7.60 and 6.55 g
by Fl Carniolan bees during ~our seasons ~. respectively.
2- Brood Rearing Activity in The TwoRaces : The amount of sealed br-oods measuz-emerrt s for
honeybee workers during the year of study were 16604.76
square inches and 12268053 in2 by F1 Italian bees and
F1 Carniolan bees, respectively. The results should tiat
the :,1111ghest activity on brood-rearin were in Spring
(5981062 and 4432089 in2 ) by PI Italian bees and
F1 Carniolan bees , respectively.
)- Chemical Composition o~ Propolis : This investigation deals with identification the
ohemioal constituents of Egyptian crude propolis • The
chemical constituents of the extraction obtained by
different solvents such as water, ethanol, has been
:i.ndentified as known as bees-wax, sakura.netin
( 4, 5-dihydroxy-7 -methoxy:f’lavone) .and hydroxy alkyl
oinamic acid derivative.
The investigation deals also , with extraction
~he crude propolis with different solvents such as
light petrolium (40-60 , 60-80, 80-110 0 ) , penzene
and ethyl alcohol, respectivelyo The residue obtained
at’ter evaporation the solvents was dissolved in ether.
!Ilhe chemical analysis obtained the numbers of materials
from 5, 6 , 8 , 10 , 11 and 12 were oily matter and
~olid prolcts remarked by 7 , 9 and 13 •
While soxhlet extraction with light petrolium ,
benzene, ethanol and acitie acid were identified as
bees-wax and flavone derivatives ( 13 and 14) also
we identified some volatile oil and inorganic matter
and ashes.
4- The Biologioal P.roperties of Propolis :
In these exPeriments propolis extraction and
some its ~ractions were used on different organisms~
a)- Antibacterial Activity :
The aim of this work was to prove the effect of
propolis extractions in-vitro as antibacterial substance
’0. The alcohol , acetone and ’\Vaterextracts were
used against some food poison bacteria ( Staphylococcus
aureus , Salmonella typhomriuIE , Salmonella newportI
Escherichia coli 078 J Escherichia coli III and
P.roteus vulgaris ). Water propolis extract has an
obvious bacteriostatic for the above bacteria. On the
other hand, ethanol propolis extract and acetone propolis
extract have a slight effect.
b) - Antifungal Activity :
~he derivatives of propolis such as sakurantin ,
cinamic acid and flavone were subjected to the stUdy
of their biological effect on fungus AJ.ternaria ap. 0
Sakurantin decreased the length of germ tube with
increasing its concentrations, it completely inhipted
both spore germination and germ-tube growth at concentration
of 960 ppm • Cinamic acid and flavone indicate d
growth promotion properties.
c) - Treating Braula. caeca by different Propolis ext. :
All extracts of propolis ( water, ethanol , and
acetone ) reduced the numbers of honeybee liue (Braula
caeca ), which attaches with queens honeybee.
Queens were found free from the lice af’ter seven days
from the initial of treatment.
d)- Effect of Propolis extractions on Seed Germination:
Water, ethyl alcohol, and acetone of propolis
extracts and flavone fraction were Used in this experiment
, Water extract of propolis had inhibitory action
in first stages of germination , then germination percent
increased. Ethanol and acetone of propolis extract had
an inhi~itory effect througout the germination periods
of wheat seeds. While flavoniod fraction showerl inhipitory
effect at the concentration of 4000 and 2000 ppm,
but at the concentration of 1000 ppm , the germination
percentage was higher than in the control in wheat seeds.
The seedling length of weat showed that at the
concentration of 1000 ppm and 2000 ppm were more length
than the controlo While the propolis extraction and
:flavoniods of 4000 ppm were less than the eontrolo
The treating of broad bean seeds indicated that
the propolis erlraetes and flavones showed an inhibition
the germination than the control; ..,-<:.100 t~l9’ 3~:Je’ t:rend was
:found in the seedlinJ length except water propolis extract
which stimulate the growth properties on seedlingso
II - :BEES - WAX :
The experiments showed that the amounts of bees-wax 79 extractes were 97027% J 76013 % ,48022 % and 39043 %
for one-year old coma J two-years old ,three-years old
combs and over-three~years old respectively.
The amounts of bees wax obtained from a combover
three-years old were nearly similar weight of two new
foundation sheets of wax • So we mantioned that the
using old combs as economic source cr crude wax :. .and
propolis in the apiary. While the amounts of propolis
could be extracted from old combs is higher than the
propolis obtained from the new combs, with an average
of 1.60 % , 2.62 % , 41’.70 % and 6F~42% for one-year ,
two-ye ars,. th:Cee-years and over-three-years, respectively.
2- Estimating !ropolis and Bees Wax amounts at the differe-n-t
Our experiments indicated that the bees-wax extracts
from the uber part of the combswas more than the middle
and lower parts 0 While for the amounts of propolis extracts
the middle Part was higher than the other partso
1- Stored Pollen Activity s
The present study showed that , stored pollenin June and July give more amounts of pollen duringa year of study , while less amounts recorded inDecember and January. F1 ,:Italian-bees stored morepQllen than the F1 ’arniolan bees
2~ Relatioship between Pollen gathering activityand Propolis collection activity: .
Dat indicated that the F1 Ital~an bees colle tedthe largest amount of stored pollen’ 2946.02 _±n2 ,and
1$~69 g of propo1is , while F1 Carniolan bees collected
2191.21 in2 of stored pollen and 14.17 g of propolis inSJring. The amounts of stored pollen and propolis collected
were 241j:]Cl75in2 ,31.19 g , 572057 in2 J 110’2 g and
14l}’074 in2 9029 g for F1 Italian bees. These results
WIllS more than the Carniolan F1hyprid be es •3- Follens found in P.ropo1is extracted
In this experiment the phot agraphic of propolis
extracted indicated that the difrerent pollens ~ound
in the propolis , some of each was found to digested.
Therefore, it oan be concluded that honeybeeproducts such as propolis , bees-wax and stored pollen
has their grait importance either to honeybees themselfes
or to the human being •
The present work has througbn the light Jespecially upon certain aspects of propolis which
previous researches had partially neglected •
I hope , that the coming yeaxs will show us
more and more about those secondary products included
in the st.lin and also about other products of the
morve1 ous creature. ”The Honeybeetr•