الفهرس 
IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
 |  | from | 126 |  |  |
| | | from | 126 | | |
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a serious mental disorder with a profound impact on patients, their caregivers and the community. The etiology of psychosis (and schizophrenia ) is unknown. However ,it is generally accepted as involving the impact of stress upon a biological predisposition, the stress-vulnerability model
Psychiatric disturbances have long been associated with and are commonly the earliest manifestations of endocrinologic abnormalities .
Negative symptoms play an important role in schizophrenia and are related to deficits in global functioning and global outcome. There are gender differences in schizophrenia and especially in negative symptoms of schizophrenia, which may be related to the action of the reproductive hormones.
Testosterone is a male reproductive hormone produced in the testes, has been implicated in many “male-typical” behaviors, including impulsivity and sensation-seeking.
However, with respect to the psychopathology of schizophrenia recent studies have shown that there might .