الفهرس 
Thyroid AnatomyOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The Thyroid gland is a highly vascular gland located anteriorly in the neck, producing the Thyroid hormone that plays an extremely important role in the regulation of the body physiology and has a various effect on the various body organs such as the cardiovascular system, musculoskeletal, body metabolism, growth.
Multiple hormonal changes occurs during pregnancy as a normal physiological process as well as some physiological changes in all the body system in order to meet the physiological need of the pregnant female including an increase in the blood volume and the cardiac output also a decrease in the residual volume and he expiratory reserve volume and the total lung capacity, also in the renal system, an increase in the GFR by about 50% and the RBF by about 70% an increase in the T3 and T4 in the first half of pregnancy also TSH production is stimulated, a net effect of pregnancy is an increased demand on the Thyroid gland, in normal individual, this doesn’t appear to represent much load to the Thyroid gland, but in females with subclinical hypothyroidism, the extra demands of pregnancy can precipitate a clinical disease.
Subclinical and overt hypothyroid state must be cautiously screened and well treated during the gestational period, as a pregnant female with a hypothyroid state may be easily decompensated during pregnancy, that’s to ameliorate the fetal and maternal outcome. also many precaution must be taken during the anesthesia of such patient to avoid any cardiovascular decompensation or any postoperative respiratory depression.
Throtoxic storm is a true medical Emergency that may be precipitated although the pregnancy mostly due to the spurt of autoimmune disorders during pregnancy, early prediction and proper management of the hyperthyroid state is a must as poor control of maternal hyperthyroidism is not only associated with a significant obstetric complication but also with possible congenital malformation.
The golden aim is to evaluate the maternal thyroid state and to early predict any fluctuation of this state although the pregnancy and to mange it propely preoperatively, intraoperative and postoperative