الفهرس 
acknowledgmentOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( copd )is a heterogeneous collection of conditions that affect various structures within the lung in a number of different ways. it is a common oroblem with an estimated incidence between 20% and 30% in all adults over 40. copd includes chronid bronchitis, bronchial asthma, and emphysema.