الفهرس 
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Abstract
Despite advances in chelating therapy, some major complications of thalassemia are inevitable. A large number of studies have been performed on different complications of thalassemia, however, there are few studies on the renal involvement in this disease.
the main underling causes of tubular dysfunction in these patients remain unknown. Renal damage can be attributed to chronic anemia , iron overload and deferoxamine therapy.
Although severe anemia and chronic hypoxia are believed to play a role in renal involvement in βTM, lipid peroxidation is currently the most favored hypothesis: according to this hypothesis, the imbalance in synthesis of hemoglobin (Hb) leads to excess unpaired globin chains and high intracellular content of non-Hb iron. The unstable Hb subunits are known to generate free oxygen radical species that start a chain of oxidative events which leads to disintegration of denatured globin chains, heme, and iron, which bind to different membrane proteins and altering their normal structure and functions. In addition, the excess free iron is known to be a catalyst of lipid peroxidation via the fenton reaction.