الفهرس 
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Abstract
In the present work, 400 swabs (200 nasal and 200 tracheal swabs)
of 20 flkocks chickens with respiratory manifestations collected from EI-
Sharkia and El-Dakahlia Governorates from different breeds with
different ages all over the year seasons. The specimens were examined
phenotypically and genotypic ally for the detection of the most important
virulence genes of MG and E. coli ORT and Haemophilus
paragallinarum.
Concerning to the prevalence of single and mixed infection with
MG, E. coli, ORT and Haemophilus paragallinarum in respiratory
manifested birds , the recorded results revealed that E. coli was highly
detected with a percentage of 19/20 flocks followed by ORT 6/20 then
MG 4/20 and Haemophilus paragallinarum 3/20 and discuss the mixed
infection between different microorganisms as Flock No. 6, 8, 15,20 are
mixed between E. coli and MG also Flock No 4, 10,12,18,20 mixed
between E. coli and ORT but Flock No 7, 17 are mixed between E. coli
and Haemophilus paragallinarum, Flock No 13 are mixed infection
between ORT and Haemophilus paragallinarum flock No 20 the flock is
mixed infection between E. coli, MG and ORT.
In our study, none the flocks had single infection by either ORT or
Haemophilus paragallinarum. The two microorganisms were persistent
either mixed with E. coli infection or mixed with each other (flock No
13). E. coli infection is a predisposing factor playing an important role in
the severity and spread ofORT infection.