الفهرس 
Physiological consideration of beta- receptorsOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Because of the role of sympathetic activation in adverse perioperative cardiac outcomes ß-adrenergic receptor blocking drugs have been proposed as a means for providing cardioprotection.
The additions of BBs to the anaesthetic technique provide a reduction of both the HR and MAP throughout the surgical procedure. This effect is of great importance for patients with ischemic heart disease and improves myocardial oxygen demand-supply balance.
BBs should be started a month before surgery, titrated to a heart rate of 60 beats per minute, and continued for approximately a month. If the drug is then to be discontinued, it should be tapered slowly.
The use of BBs also recommended for blunting of adrenergic responses to several perioperative stimuli, including the pressor response to larngoscopy and intubation, intraoperative hypertension and tachycardia during emergence and extubation.
In recent years, there has been growing interest in the use of BBs as parts of balanced anaesthetic technique .Several reports have indicated that BBs produce antinociceptive effects. BBs have been shown to produce a reduction in the anaesthetic requirement during anaesthesia and have been proposed as an alternative to alfentanil in analgesic requirement during anaesthesia .It also suppresses the bispectral index response to tracheal intubation.
Another advantage to use BBs as a part of a balanced anaesthetic technique is a reduction in PONV due to its opioid sparing effect resulting in earlier fulfilment of home discharge criteria. The reduction of PONV is of particular importance for day-surgical patients. There is also clinical evidence supporting that perioperative use of BBs would able to modulate immune-endocrine system.
BBs can also affect CNS as administration of BBs shortly after a traumatic event can prevent PTSD.The symptoms of PTSD resemble the psychiatric squeals of some degree of intraoperative awareness, so that the intraoperative use of BBs may also prove effective in the management of intraoperative awareness
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