الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The pediatric population has unique ophthalmologic needs. Challenges that are intrinsic to the detection of the eye disease in the pediatric population include the vast number of children, and the inability of children to describe symptoms that indicate pathology. These difficulties highlight the importance of vision screening in the pediatric population.
The development of screening methodologies to detect ocular pathology in infant requires a consensus regarding the conditions to detect, and the best test methodologies to detect these conditions.
Pathology detected using screening of the visual system should be considered to have similar guidelines as for all types of screening.
The World Health Organization has mandated guidelines for a successful screening program as a part of Public Health Program .Generally, the guidelines require that the condition being screened for is relatively a common, public health concern, and that successful detection and treatment exists. These guidelines were designed to be applied to all types of screening .Most pediatric eye diseases and test methods fit the WHO guidelines, although for some conditions (particulary amblyogenic factors), the natural history remains somewhat unknown, and the latent period is quite prolonged.
Early identification and treatment of risk factors for ocular congenital anomalies enables prevention of amblyopia. Diagnosis and treatment of amblyopia at an earlier age may lead to a better and more stable final visual result, with shorter treatment times, more rapid improvement in visual acuity, and better over all compliance with treatment regimens.
The present study aimed to provide data on early detection of ocular congenital anomalies in infant lower than one years old. Exam was done during their regular vaccination at 2,4,6,9 months of age in form September 2010 and for 10 months in Moharam Bey Health Office.
550 infant are examined for congenital anomalies after taking informed consent of the parents using an indirect ophthalmoscope, a 30 D lens, a penlight, and a small target and referral of the suspected infant to the Ophthalmology Department (pediatric eye unit) in Alexanderia University.
The cases had a mean age 4.5 monthes of age, 306 were males and 241 were females. The consanguinity was positive in 127(23.1%) of cases. with no statistically significant difference in incidence of development of ocular congenital anomalies between them.
During the study period, out of which 24 congenital anomalies were detected.
At the age of two monthes 182 infants were examined from which 9 cases (4.9%) of congenital anomalies were detected as:
1 case lid coloboma.
1 case epiblepharon.
4 cases NLDO.
1 case conjunctival nevus.
1 case iris nevus.
1 case iris coloboma.
At the age of four monthes 170 infants were examined from which 5 cases (2.9%) of congenital anomalies were detected as:
3 cases NLDO.
1 case glaucoma.
1 case cataract with Down syndrome (2.9%)
At the age of six monthes 150 infants were examined from which 6 cases (4%) of congenital anomalies were detected as:
1 case ptosis.
2 cases NLDO.
1case cataract.
1 case congenital esotropia.
1 case congenital extoropia.
At the age of nine monthes 48 infants were examined from which 4 cases (8.3%) of congenital anomalies were detected as:
1 case NLDO.
2 cases congenital myopia.
1 case retinoblastoma
The aim of this study was early discovery and treatment that provide better and more stable results of visual acuity and possibly of other visual functions known to be affected in amblyopia. The method is very simple, quick, easy to perform, and well-tolerated by the tested infant and their parents.
An infant with amblyogenic risk factors that has been discovered and treated early can look forward to more than half a century of school and employment that demand performance of visually mediated tasks. Therefore, the most important benefit from screening is the reduction of preventable.