الفهرس 
أثر الخصائص الطبيعية على المياه الارضيةيوجد فقط 14 صفحة متاحة للعرض العام
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المستخلص
his study aims to through the light on the impact of environmental
changes on groundwater in Qalubiya Governorate. The study area is located on
the eastern side of the Damietta Branch and constitute the southeastern part of
the Nile Delta, it extends between latitudes 30° 6´ 20″, 30° 36´ 26″ N, and
longitudes 31° 3´ 0, 31° 35´ 20″ E. It is bounded from the south by Helwan,
Cairo, Giza, and the sixth of October Governorates, from the north by Dakahlia
and Gharbia Governorates, from the east by El-Sharkia Governorate and from
the west by El-Monofia Governorate. The total area of the Governorate is
estimated to be 1001.09 km2, where the cultivated area is 810 km2 ( 81% of the
total area). The climate of the study area is characterized as a semi-dry, with an
average annual rainfall 20.5 mm / year, while the average temperature is 35.9 °
during the summer, and 6.3 ° during the winter.
The study area is mainly covered by the Quaternary sediments, which belong
to the Pleistocene and Holocene. The Pleistocene sediments composed of sand and
gravel with clay lenses and covered by the Holocene Nile silt and clay. Miocene
sediments are composed of clay, sand, calcareous sandstone and sandy limestone
intercalations outcrop at the eastern portions. Basaltic rocks belonging to Upper
Oligocene age are exposed at Abu Zaabal Quarries. Abu Zaabal area is affected by
major faults trending NNW-SSE, NW-SE, and E-W. Moreover, minor normal faults with
little displacement not exceeds one meter were noticed. The joint are well developed
through Abu Zaabal basalts where the primary columnar joints are represented as well
as the secondary tension and shear joints of various attitudes. These structures play an
important role on the geomorphology and on the formation of water ponds at Abu
Zaabal area.
The study dealt with the morphology of the surface by digital elevation
model (DEM) to delineate elevations, the slopes and their trends. This study
depends on maps and satellite images of various kinds and accuracy, It was
evident from the morphological study that the topographic range reachs up to
180 m, which started from 9 m to 160 m. The surface of the study area is
dominated by medium height, except the southeastern part. It was also noticed
that the land with flat and semi-flat slopes attains 76% of the total land of the
Governorate. The investigations and comparison of old maps with modern
Satellite images shows some morphological change occurs in a sand island in
Mit Kenana Tokh center, The area decreased from 3313 m2 in 1973 to 1632 m2
in 2010. The area of sand dunes at El Khanka decreased from 16.734 km 2
during 1984 and to 6.917 km 2 in 2005, also decreased by 9.817 km 2, this means
a disappearance of about 58.7% of the total area of sand dunes, and appearance
of reclamed land and urban zones. There are also some positive environmental
changes at Mit Rady, El Ramla (Benha center) and Shalkan (El-Qanater El-
Khairia center) villages. The soil was divided according to their permeability of
groundwater to three main types, these are; low soil permeability and medium
permeability and high permeability.